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351 NOTES Introduction 1. See Riot and Revelry in Early America, ed. William Pencak, Matthew Dennis, and Simon P. Newman (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002). 2. Billboard, December 26, 1925, in Joseph Csida and June Bundy Csida, American Entertainment: A Unique History of Popular Show Business (New York: WatsonGuptill , 1978), 269. 3. Olive Logan, Apropos of Women and Theatres (New York: Carleton, 1869), 151–52, 128; 110–53. A similarly broad definition, also critical of disreputable ‘‘low’’ elements, is J. J. Jennings, Theatrical and Circus Life; or, Secrets of the Stage, GreenRoom , and Sawdust Arena (St. Louis: Sun Publishing, 1883). 4. Olive Logan, Before the Footlights and behind the Scenes: A Book about ‘‘The Show Business’’ in all its branches . . . (Philadelphia: Parmelee, 1870), 20; Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., 20 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), 15:363– 66; William A. Craigie and James R. Hulbert, A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles, 4 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1944), 4:2111. 5. See Richard Balzer, Peepshows: A Visual History (New York: Abrams, 1998), and Richard D. Altick, The Shows of London (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978). 6. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World: Historical Sketches and Programme (Chicago: n.p., 1893), 10; Jack Rennert, 100 Posters of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West (New York: Darien House, 1976), endpaper. 7. Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, 19 February 1858, and National Intelligencer, 27 April 1860, as quoted in David Carlyon, Dan Rice: The Most Famous Man You’ve Never Heard Of! (New York: Public Affairs Press, 2001), 226, 288. 8. Oxford English Dictionary, 7:295; George Crabbe, English Synonymes (New York: J. and J. Harper, 1831), 301; Noah Webster, American Dictionary of the English Language (New York: Harper and Brother, 1852), 921; Frederic W. Sawyer, A Plea for Amusements (New York: D. Appleton, 1847), 13; James L. Corning, The Christian Law of Amusement (Buffalo, N.Y.: Phinney, 1859), 10n. 9. David Jaffee, ‘‘Peddlers of Progress and the Transformation of the Rural North, 1760–1860,’’ Journal of American History 78 (September 1991): 511–35. See also Jack Larkin, The Reshaping of Everyday Life, 1790–1840 (New York: Harper and Notes to Pages 5–9 352 Row, 1988), 205–31; Larkin, ‘‘From ‘Country Mediocrity’ to ‘Rural Improvement’: Transforming the Slovenly Countryside in Central Massachusetts, 1775–1840,’’ in Everyday Life in the Early Republic, ed. Catherine E. Hutchins (Wintherthur, Del.: Winterthur Museum, 1994), 175–200; Richardson Wright, Hawkers and Walkers in Early America (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1927), 178–208; Stuart Thayer, Traveling Showmen: The American Circus before the Civil War (Detroit: Astley and Ricketts, 1997); Timothy B. Spears, 100 Years on the Road: The Traveling Salesman in American Culture (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), chaps. 1–2; Alice C. Hudson and Barbara Cohen-Stratyner, Heading West, Touring West: Mapmakers, Performing Artists, and the American Frontier (New York: New York Public Library, 2001). 10. Quoted in Phyllis Kihn, ‘‘The Circus in Connecticut,’’ Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin 22 (January 1957): 2. 11. Quoted in Paul McPharlin, The Puppet Theatre in America: A History, 1524– 1948. With a Supplement: Puppets in America since 1948, by Marjorie Batchelder McPharlin (Boston: Plays, Inc., 1969), 150–51. 12. [Charles Farrar Browne], Artemus Ward: His Works, Complete (New York: G. W. Carleton, 1875), 25, 55; Nathaniel Hawthorne, The American Notebooks, ed. Claude M. Simpson [The Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, vol. 7] (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1972), 124, 130. 13. The Memoir of John Durang, American Actor, 1785–1816, ed. Alan S. Downer (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1966), 68–69. 14. History of the Life, Travels and Incidents of Col. Hugh Lindsay. Written by Himself (Philadelphia: n.p., 1859), 25; Elbert R. Bowen, Theatrical Entertainments in Rural Missouri before the Civil War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1959), 17–21, 52, 113–14. 15. P. T. Barnum, The Life of P. T. Barnum, Written by Himself (New York: Redfield, 1855), 177, 210, 225. 16. Carlyon, Dan Rice, 44 (quotations). 17. Lawrence W. Levine, Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), 56. 18. Rosemarie K. Bank, ‘‘The Boston Museum Company,’’ in American Theatre Companies, 1749–1887, ed. Weldon B. Durham (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1986), 72; Claire McGlinchee, The First Decade of the Boston Museum (Boston : Bruce Humphries, 1940), 80; Kate Ryan, Old Boston Museum Days (Boston: Little, Brown, 1915), 29; William B. Wood, Personal Recollections of the Stage...

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