Mechanism, Experiment, Disease: Marcello Malpighi and Seventeenth-Century Anatomy

Notes

n o t e s Introduction 1. Bylebyl, in “Disputation,” 224–27, argued that for Jean Fernel, unlike Vesalius, anatomy was limited to structures. Cunningham, “Fabricius”; “Pen and Sword.” Schiefsky, “Galen’s Teleology.” Pomata, “Praxis.” 2. Du Laurens, Historia anatomica humani corporis (Paris, 1600); Bauhin, Theatrum anatomicum (Frankfurt, 1605). On the term “chymistry,” capturing the features of the discipline as it was practiced and conceived in the seventeenth century, see Newman and Principe, “Origins.” 3. Portions of the Bibliotheca anatomica appeared also in English translation together with other works as Bibliotheca anatomica, medica, chirurgica, etc. Harvey’s De motu (Leiden, 1639) and Aselli’s De lactibus (Leiden, 1640) were published by Johannes Maire. Thomas Bartholin’s Anatomia (1641) was a notable textbook that included also the celebrated letters by Johannes Walaeus in support of Harvey. Highmore’s Disquisitio (The Hague, 1651) was a notable midcentury treatise. Aselli’s, Harvey’s, and Walaeus’s works were included in the 1645 Opera omnia of the Padua anatomist Adriaan van der Spiegel, owing to the Dutch physician and professor of medicine Johannes van der Linden; on them and Walaeus see Lindeboom, Dutch Medical Biography, 1858–59, 1200–1203, 2117–19. 4. Van Beverwijck, De calculo renum, 20–24. Pagel, Harvey’s Biological Ideas, 99–102. Keynes, Harvey, 271–73. Bylebyl, “Medical Side,” esp. 32–33. Bibliotheca anatomica, vol. 1, preface (2r. not numbered), 957. I find French’s claim of a diminution of human dissection in the late seventeenth century unwarranted; Dissection, 269. 5. Bibliotheca anatomica, 1:359; all references are to the second edition (1699). Baglivi, Correspondence , 133–36, at 136, Manget to Baglivi, 30 December 1693. 6. Frati, Bibliografia. Bartholin’s treatise appeared also at Leiden in 1672. Malpighi’s work was reissued twice in 1666, in Padua together with Lorenzo Bellini’s De structura et usu renum and in Amsterdam as an appendix to Johann Vesling’s Syntagma anatomicum by Gerardus Blasius ; his reprint in Vesling’s 1666 Syntagma, 444–55, is not mentioned in Frati. Starting from the 1677 Jena edition, Malpighi’s Epistolae were incorporated in De viscerum structura. Later editions of De viscerum structura, including the Epistolae and at times other works, appeared in Frankfurt in 1678, in Bologna in 1680, in Toulouse and Frankfurt in 1682 (not mentioned in Frati; see Garisenda Libri e Stampe, Artelibro, Bologna, 21–24 Settembre 2007, no. 49), and again in Frankfurt in 1683. The French translation was reissued in 1687. The Epistolae appeared 368 Notes to Pages 6–11 in Malpighi’s Opera omnia (London, 1686; Leiden, 1687) and in the 1685 and 1699 editions of the Bibliotheca anatomica. In addition, they were excerpted in successive editions of anatomical compendia and textbooks. Malpighi, Discours anatomiques sur la structure des visceres (Paris, 1683, 1687); for the information on surgeons I used the 1687 edition, avertissement. 7. Bibliotheca anatomica, vol. 1, De thorace, 807–1072, at 983–84; the section includes also De polypo cordis. Bertoloni Meli, “Additions,” 305. An aspect of Swammerdam’s work is briefly discussed in sec. 11.3; review in PT 2 (1667), 534–35. On Mayow see Frank, Harvey, 224–32; PT 3 (1668), 833–35; 4 (1669), 1142. Chartier, Cultural Uses; Forms and Meanings; Order. 8. In his address to the reader, at xxii, Adelmann curiously traced a lineage going from Malpighi, Valsalva, Morgagni, Scarpa, and others to himself through his teacher Benjamin Freeman Kingsbury. Embryology omits anatomical illustrations unrelated to generation; written in an often celebratory fashion, it is also unwieldy, opening with a one-hundred-folio-page history of Bologna University. It was awarded the Pfizer medal in 1967. Belloni’s contemporary edition of Malpighi’s Opere scelte is a subtler work. 9. Adelmann, Embryology, 136–37, 165, 174, 204, 294. Pomata, Promessa, provides a rich picture of the Bologna medical scene. 10. Malpighi, Vita, 4. MOB, 20. MCA, 3:930 and 966–67. Adelmann, Embryology, 471–75. Martinotti, “L’insegnamento,” 30–47. Pamela Smith, “Science and Taste”; Body, chap. 6. Palmer , “Pharmacy,” 115–17. 11. MCA, ad indicem, under “Malpighi, summer residences of”; 3:1289–93, Malpighi to Bellini, Ronchi di Corticella, August 1687, at 1290. Adelmann, Embryology, 1, 457. 12. MCA, 1:190–91, Borelli to Malpighi, 21 December 1663. Adelmann, Embryology, 157–59. Frank, Harvey, 182, provides similar remarks for Thomas Willis. Gascoigne, “Reappraisal.” 13. Ferrari, “Anatomy,” 76. Richter,Theater, 55–62. Martinotti, “Anatomia,” 122ff. Contemporary reports on public anatomies at Bologna can be found in Bertoloni Meli, “Additions...