Crafting State-Nations: India and Other Multinational Democracies

List of Tables and Figures

Tables and Figures tables 1.1 Two Ideal Types of Democratic States: ‘‘Nation-State’’ and ‘‘State-Nation’’ 8 1.2 Multiple but Complementary Identity in Spain: Subjective National Identity in Spain, Catalonia, and Basque Country 32 1.3 Multiple but Complementary Identity in Belgium: Subjective National Identity by Region 33 1.4 State-Nations More Trusted than Nation-States: Average Trust Ranking in State Institutions in Longstanding Federal Democracies 38 2.1 Comparative Indicators of India’s Human and Income Poverty 45 2.2 Pride in Nationality in the Eleven Longstanding Federal Democracies 58 2.3 Pride in India for All Citizens and for Marginal Groups, 2005 59 2.4 Subjective National Identity and Religion in India 61 2.5 Attitudes toward Democracy and Authoritarianism in India and Five Important ‘‘Third Wave’’ Democracies 65 2.6 Support for Democracy in India by Four Disadvantaged Social Groups, 2004 66 2.7 Support for Democracy in India as a Whole and by Four Major Religions 70 2.8 Relationship between Intensity of Religious Practice and Support for Political Institutions in India 72 2.9 Citizen Trust in Six Major Institutions in Eleven Longstanding Federal Democracies 76 2.10 Trust in Institutions in India 77 2.11 Sense of Political Efficacy and Legitimacy of Democracy among Marginalized Groups in India, 1971–2004 79 viii ta b l e s a n d f i g u r e s 2.12 Socioeconomic Status and Voting Turnout in the United States and India 80 3.1 Rejection of Pro-Khalistan Violence by the Sikh Community: Attitudes toward Methods Used by the Militants and Punjab Police in the Punjab by Religion, 1997 97 3.2 Persistent Alienation in the Kashmir Valley: Public Opinion on Solutions to the Kashmir Problem in the Kashmir Valley, 2002–2008 114 4.1 Vote Share of Polity-wide Parties in Tamil Nadu State Assembly Elections, 1952–2001 135 4.2 Five-Point Scale of Identity in Tamil Nadu and the Rest of India, 2005 136 4.3 Levels of Trust in Central Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy, India and Tamil Nadu, 2005 137 4.4 Name Recognition and Evaluation of Some Major Political Figures, Tamil Nadu and the Rest of India, 2005 139 4.5 Self-identification of Americans within a Binary Ethnic Scale 141 4.6 Identity by Level of Trust in Central Government and Satisfaction with Democracy in India and Tamil Nadu, 2005 142 4.7 National and Regional Pride in India and Tamil Nadu, 2005 143 5.1 Perceptions of Discrimination by Community in Sri Lanka, 2005 162 5.2 Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka and India by Majority Religion, 2005 163 5.3 Opinions on Measures to End the Present Conflict by Ethnicity in Sri Lanka, 2005 166 5.4 Opinions on Trust in the Army and Unequal Treatment in Sri Lanka and India, 2005 167 5.5 Contrasting Policies of India and Sri Lanka toward Their Tamil Minority Populations 170 6.1 Percentage of ‘‘Confident Democrats’’ in Ukraine, Russia, and Eight Central European Post-Communist Countries, 1996 and 2005 195 6.2 Opinions on Democracy and Authoritarianism in Ukraine, Russia, and Selected Latin American Democracies 196 8.1 Overrepresentation in the Upper Houses of Eight Longstanding OECD Federal Democracies and India 260 8.2 Malapportionment in Burma’s Proposed Upper Chamber 267 ta b l e s a n d f i g u r e s ix 8.3 A Continuum of the Degree of Overrepresentation in the Proposed USA Territorial-style Seat Allocation of the Upper House in Burma in Comparison with the Upper Houses of the Entire Universe of the Eleven Longstanding Federal Democracies 268 8.4 Classification of the Number of Electorally Based Institutional Veto Players in the Universe of the Twenty-three Longstanding Advanced Economy OECD Democracies 272 8.5 Veto Players and Inequality in OECD Advanced Democracies 274 8.6 USA Inequality Indicators in Comparison to Other OECD Federal States and Entire OECD Set 274 figures 1.1 Intensity of Political Activation of Multiple, Territorially Concentrated, Sociocultural ‘‘National’’ Identities 10 2.1 In All Four of India’s Major Religions, the Greater the Intensity of Religious Practice, the Greater the Support for Democracy 71 2.2 Institutions and Political Trust in India and Twenty Other Democracies, 1990–1993 74 2.3 Rise and Decline of BJP Seats in Lok Sabha, 1984–2009 86...