Swift, the Book, and the Irish Financial Revolution: Satire and Sovereignty in Colonial Ireland

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NOTES

Abbreviations

Introduction

1. Brewer, The Sinews of Power, xvii.

2. Colley, Britons, 71.

3. Hardt and negri, Empire, 87.

4. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:616.

5. Sher, Enlightenment and the Book, 443.

6. McGrath, The Making of the Eighteenth-Century Irish Constitution, 25–26.

7. Ibid., 35–36.

8. Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact, 92–143.

9. Eccleshall, “anglican Political Thought,” 37.

10. Roncaglia, Petty, 5.

11. T. J. Kiernan, History of the Financial Administration of Ireland, 144– 148.

12. McGrath, “Public Wealth,” 177–178.

13. Rowley, An Answer to a Book, 40.

14. Berkeley, “Some Thoughts Touching an Irish Bank,” egmont Manuscripts, PRonI MSS T/3315/3/81.

15. King to Blake, nov. 30, 1725, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 750/8/59.

16. The evidence of this recruitment, especially for his Drapier’s Letters, is discussed in James Woolley, “Poor John Harding and Mad Tom,” 109; Ferguson, Jonathan Swift and Ireland, 96; o’Regan, Archbishop William King, 304, 313; and Baltes, The Pamphlet Controversy about Wood’s Halfpence, 186.

17. Thompson, Models of Value, 22x.

18. Cullen, “The Value of Contemporary Printed Sources,” 150.

19. Cullen, “Problems in the Interpretation,” 1.

20. Lecky, The Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, xviii–xix, 43.

21. McDowell, Irish Public Opinion, 30, 32.

22. Abercorn to Perceval, 2 June 1720, egmont Manuscripts, PRonI MSS T/3315/2/34.

23. Macartny et al. To Perceval, 2 June 1720, egmont Manuscripts, PRonI MSS T/3315/2/34.

24. Reflections and Resolutions for the Gentlemen of Ireland, 6, 20.

25. Siskin, The Work of Writing, 43.

26. Ibid., 9.

27. Ibid., 52.

28. Ibid., 38.

29. Ibid., 51.

30. Ibid., 11.

31. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 24.

32. Ibid., 15–16.

33. Adorno, The Culture Industry, 98–100.

34. Guillory, Cultural Capital, 305–306.

35. Brantlinger, Fictions of State, 35.

36. Ibid., 20.

37. Thompson, 21–22.

38. Sherman, Finance and Fictionality, 1–2.

39. Lynch, The Economy of Character, 81.

40. Ibid., 112.

41. Ingrassia, Authorship, Commerce, and Gender, 81.

42. Ibid., 16.

43. Nicholson, Writing and the Rise of Finance, xii–xiii.

44. Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic, 83–84.

45. Phiddian, “Have You eaten Yet?” 609; Kumar, “World Bank Literature,” passim.

46. Hawkes, Idols of the Marketplace, 19.

47. Goux, Symbolic Economies, 23.

48. Ibid., 45.

49. Parsons, “Money and Sovereignty,” 62.

50. Ibid., 61.

51. Thompson, 21.

52. Ibid., 83.

53. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:722.

54. Ibid., 3:181.

55. Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe, 62–71.

56. See Chapter 2 for the role of patronage and secret service money in publishing.

57. Price, “Introduction: Reading Matter,” 9.

58. Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre, 223–224.

59. Johns, The Nature of the Book, 2–3; Maruca, The Work of Print, 5.

60. Eisenstein, Printing Press, 71–88, 113–126, and Printing Revolution, 42–88.

61. Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment, 3–4; Rose, “The History of Books,” 87.

62. Darnton and Roche, Revolution in Print, vii–ix.

63. Chartier, The Cultural Uses of Print, 7, 11.

64. Zimmerman, Swift’s Narrative Satires, 48.

65. Ibid., 88.

66. Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books, 165–226.

67. Sher, 469.

68. Ibid., 445.

69. Young, “Satire as a Virus,” 51.

70. Bullitt, Jonathan Swift, 50, 56–67.

71. Booth, A Rhetoric of Irony, 6, 105, 114, 120.

72. Leavis, “The Irony of Swift,” 94.

73. Treadwell, “Swift’s Relations with the London Book Trade,” 17.

74. Booth, 101, 119.

75. Jameson, “Third World Literature,” 80.

76. Szeman, “Who’s afraid of national allegory,” 804–805.

77. Jameson, 84.

78. Leyburn, Satiric Allegory, 8; Clifford, The Transformations of Allegory, 110–111.

79. Quilligan, The Language of Allegory, 156.

80. Zimmerman, 14.

81. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:701.

82. Zimmerman, 24.

83. Deane, A Short History of Irish Literature, 37; McDiarmid, The Irish Art of Controversy, passim.

84. Kiberd, Irish Classics, 85.

Chapter 1

1. The quotation used in the chapter title is from Jonathan Swift, A Proposal that All the Ladies and Women of Ireland Should Appear Constantly in Irish Manufactures, in Prose Works, ed. Davis, 12:123. Hereafter in the text, works from this anthology will be cited parenthetically by the volume and page number.

2. Plummer, The London Weaver’s Company, 292–314.

3. Probyn, “Jonathan Swift,” 237.

4. Lefanu, Catalogue of Books Belonging to Swift, 24; Faulkner, Catalogue of the Library of Dr. Swift, 9.

5. Sher, The Enlightenment and the Book, 476.

6. Arnold, Cultural Identities, passim.

7. Branch, “Plain Style,” 438; Trivedi, Clothing Gandhi’s Nation, passim.

8. Baucom, Out of Place, 75–100; Webster, Englishness and Empire, 92–188.

9. McClintock, Imperial Leather, 207–231.

10. Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest, 2–3.

11. Mackie, Market à la Mode, 3.

12. Moretti, The Way of the World, 16.

13. Brewer, The Sinews of Power, xx.

14. Hardt and negri, Empire, 87; Festa, Sentimental Figures of Empire, 51.

15. Branch, 442.

16. Goux, Symbolic Economies, 23.

17. Gibbons, Edmund Burke and Ireland, 235–236.

18. For some early modern political thought on the integration of the powers of printing and censorship into the monarch’s body, see Bodin, Six Books of the Commonwealth, 34, 47, 181–185; and Hobbes, Leviathan, 228–239.

19. Berkeley, “Some Thoughts Touching an Irish Bank,” egmont Manuscripts, PRonI MSS T/3315/3/81.

20. Warner, Licensing Entertainment, 127, 179.

21. Lawrence, The Interest of Ireland, Preface. See Mahony’s reference to the Lawrence antecedent to Swift in “Protestant Dependence,” 83.

22. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:123.

23. Maruca, The Work of Print, 28.

24. Dunlevy, Dress in Ireland, 175.

25. Burke, Riotous Performances, 57.

26. Ibid., 57.

27. Jones and Stallybrass, Renaissance Clothing, 100.

28. Maruca, 3, 34.

29. Moxon, Mechanick Exercises, 2:227.

30. Ibid., 2:39.

31. Ibid., 2:201, 284–301.

32. Ibid., 2:301–308.

33. R. C., Minerva, 7.

34. Ibid., 18.

35. Ibid., 8.

36. Jonathan Swift, Epilogue to a Play, for the Benefit of the Weavers in Ireland 1721, in Miscellanies, 193.

37. Congreve, Love For Love, 12.

38. Jones and Stallybrass, 12.

39. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History, 94.

40. Ibid., 94.

41. Bosteels, “The obscure Subject,” 296.

42. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History, 94.

43. Johnston-Liik, History of the Irish Parliament, 3:194–195.

44. William Grimston, The Lawyer’s Fortune, Preface.

45. Burke, 77.

46. Glendinning, Jonathan Swift, 101.

47. Rowley, An Answer to a Book, 37–38.

48. Lock, Swift’s Tory Politics, 152–153.

49. Higgins, Swift’s Politics, 8.

50. Ibid., 75.

51. Downie, Jonathan Swift, 83–84.

52. Oakleaf, A Political Biography of Jonathan Swift, 14–16.

53. Ibid., 12, 17; Moore, “Devouring Posterity,” 680–681.

54. Pincus, 1688, 369.

55. Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries, 33, 57, 65.

56. Pincus, 393.

57. Ibid., 382–393.

58. Brewer, 207.

59. Pincus, 368.

60. Kramnick, Bolingbroke and His Circle, passim.

61. Rose, Craig, England in the 1690s, 132; Speck, The Birth of Britain, 19; Pincus, 30–31.

62. Rose, England in the 1690s, 136.

63. Habermas, Structural Transformation, 57–67.

64. Cowan, “Mr. Spectator,” 346–347.

65. Gillespie, “Print Culture, 1550–1700,” 3:29.

66. Said, Culture and Imperialism, xxi; Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books, 30–31.

67. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 44.

68. Kennedy, French Books, 66–128.

69. Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books, 36.

70. Kennedy, 6.

71. Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books, 31.

72. Molyneux, The Case of Ireland, 17, 47–49.

73. McGrath, The Making of the Eighteenth-Century Irish Constitution, 134–169.

74. O’Regan, Archbishop William King, 108.

75. Ibid., 102.

76. McMinn, Swift’s Irish Pamphlets, 14.

77. Barry, Colony and Frontier, passim; Canny, Kingdom and Colony, 12–13; V. G. Kiernan, “The emergence of a nation,” 16–49, 19; Foster, Modern Ireland, 42, 45; Clarke, Prelude to Restoration in Ireland, 4; Clarke, “Patrick Darcy, 35–55, 36–37; ohlmeyer, “Introduction,” 4–5; Patrick Kelly, “Recasting a Tradition,” 83–106, 85; Canny, “Identity Formation in Ireland,” 159–212, 159; Canny, Kingdom and Colony, 12–13; ibid., 1–3, 5–6, 9, 14, 16–17; Brady, “The Road to the View,” 25–45; Canny, Kingdom and Colony, 26–28; Canny, Making Ireland British, 123–129, 133, 247, 275, 556.

78. Howe, Ireland and Empire, 1.

79. Connolly, Religion, Law, and Power, 104–105.

80. Ibid., 4.

81. McGrath, The Making of the Eighteenth-Century Irish Constitution, 22.

82. Beckett, “Introduction,” 4:xxxix.

83. Simms, “The establishment of Protestant Ascendancy,” 4:1.

84. York, Neither Kingdom nor Nation, 2.

85. Lloyd, Ireland After History, 7.

86. Gibbons, Edmund Burke and Ireland, 235–236.

87. Carpenter, “Introduction,” xv–xvii.

88. Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books, ix.

89. Ibid., ix–3.

90. Ibid., 37.

91. Ibid., 4–7.

92. Gillespie, “Print Culture,” 3:29.

93. Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books, 7–11.

94. Ibid., 31, 67, 71–72.

95. Ibid., 224, 67.

96. Ibid., 2, 17, 19.

97. McGrath, “Public Wealth,” 174, 185, 198.

98. Ibid., 177.

99. Ibid.

100. Guha, Dominance Without Hegemony, 71–72.

101. Swift, Correspondence, 2:342–343; Hayton, “The Stanhope/Sunderland Ministry,” 610–636.

102. Connolly, “Precedent and Principle,” 130–158; Berman, 123–134.

103. Connolly, Religion, Law, and Power, 108.

104. Connolly, “Precedent and Principle,” 132.

Chapter 2

1. Irwin, To the Nobility, Gentry and Commonality of this Kingdom of Ireland. Nli MSS 2256, Bank of Ireland Manuscripts.

2. NLI MSS 2256/7, Bank of Ireland Manuscripts.

3. Ryder, “The Bank of Ireland, 1721,” 560–563.

4. O’Regan, Archbishop William King, 292.

5. Victory, “Colonial nationalism in Ireland,” 163.

6. Hall, History of the Bank of Ireland, 21–22.

7. Ryder, 558, 581.

8. A Letter to the Gentlemen of the Landed Interest, 16.

9. For the controversy over attributing this pamphlet to Swift, see Prose Works, ed. Davis, xxiv–xxvi; ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man 3:135–137; and Fussell; Krappe; Matlack; and Weitzman.

10. Maruca, The Work of Print, 79–80.

11. Moxon, Mechanick Exercises, 13.

12. Coleborne, “The Dublin Grub Street”

13. Ingrassia, Authorship, Commerce, and Gender, 82.

14. Downie, “Secret Service Payments to Daniel Defoe,” passim.

15. Woolley, “Poor John Harding and Mad Tom,” 105; McCormack, “Reflections on Writing and editing,” 263–272.

16. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History, 112.

17. Nicholson, Writing and the Rise of Finance, 70, 52.

18. Conolly to Grafton, 18 oct. 1720, Castletown MSS T/2825/a/15, in o’Regan, 291.

19. King to annesley, 24 Dec. 1720, King Manuscripts, in ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:155.

20. Pearson to Bonnell, 12 Mar. 1719/20, Smyth of Barbavilla Papers, BL aDD MS 41,580/24.

21. Swift, The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. Harold Williams, 1:238–241. All quotations of this poem are from this edition.

22. Ibid., 1:248–259. All quotations of this poem are from the Williams edition.

23. Swift, Complete Poems, ed. Pat Rogers, 703.

24. Randolph, “Structural Design,” 369. For a more thorough discussion of the “satiric norm” in Swift’s writing, see Peterson, “The Satiric norm of Jonathan Swift.”

25. Randolph, 382, 13.

26. Rosenheim, Swift and the Satirist’s Art, 184, 179–180.

27. Ibid., 184–185.

28. “norms, Moral or other,” 9.

29. Zomchick, “Satire and the Bourgeois Subject,” 348.

30. Ibid., 350.

31. De Bolla, The Discourse of the Sublime, 136.

32. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History, 112.

33. P. G. M. Dickson, The Financial Revolution, 164–167.

34. Ibid., 170, 166–167, 178–180.

35. King to Stearne, 4 oct. 1720, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 8191/132.

36. King to George, 12 oct. 1720, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 8191/139.

37. Stearne to King, 9oct. 1721, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 1995– 2008/1990.

38. O’Regan, Archbishop William King, 297.

39. Sherman, Finance and Fictionality, 46–47.

40. Though this piece is anonymous, it is generally authenticated as Swift’s by the fact that it was printed by John Harding, the printer who published Subscribers to the Bank Plac’d According to Their Order and Quality and other pieces Swift was to write in this controversy.

41. For more on the authorship of this pamphlet, see Swift, Prose Works, 9:xix.

42. Moxon, 2:357.

43. All citations from this poem are from Swift, The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. Williams, 1:286–288.

44. Ryder, 581.

45. Ibid., 60–61.

46. Ibid., Postscript.

47. Ibid., 4–6.

48. For an assessment of the role of private banks, clergymen, and other constituencies in the bank debate, see Moore, “Satiric norms,” 44–54.

49. Misolestes, Objections Against the General Bank in Ireland, 2–3.

50. Ibid., 3.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid.

53. Irwin, The Phoenix, 4.

54. Ibid., 5, 12.

55. A Letter to the Gentlemen of the Landed Interest in Ireland, 16.

56. Ibid., 16–17.

57. Cullen, “The Value of Contemporary Printed Sources,” 150, 153.

Chapter 3

1. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:749–750.

2. Treadwell, “Swift’s Relations with the London Book Trade,” 12–13; Treadwell, “Benjamin Motte, andrew Tooke and Gulliver’s Travels,” 297.

3. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:776–777.

4. Treadwell, “Swift’s Relations with the London Book Trade,” 14.

5. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:828–831.

6. Pollard, Dictionary of Members of the Dublin Book Trade, 254.

7. Ibid., 133.

8. Ibid., 571.

9. Treadwell, “Swift’s Relations with the London Book Trade,” 9–11, 20–27.

10. Dictionary of National Biography, “Benjamin Tooke”; Treadwell, “Benjamin Motte,” 293–299

11. Pollard, Dictionary of Members of the Dublin Book Trade, 304–307.

12. Ibid., 198–205.

13. Sher, The Enlightenment and the Book, 2, 14–17.

14. Zimmerman, Swift’s Narrative Satires, 88.

15. Though the title page of this pamphlet says it was “Written by Dean SWIFT,” it is considered unlikely to be his work. See Harold Williams’s critique of Hermann Teerink’s attribution in “Review [untitled],” 370. See also the English Short-Title Catalogue entry for this work.

16. Swift, A Tale of a Tub and Other Works, xii–xv.

17. Ibid., 106.

18. Ibid., 104.

19. Saccamano, “authority and Publication,” 258.

20. Swift, A Tale of a Tub, 107.

21. Ibid., 115.

22. Ibid., 109.

23. Ibid., 112, 115–117.

24. Treadwell, “Benjamin Motte,” 290; Johns, The Nature of the Book, 259– 262.

25. Treadwell, “Benjamin Motte,” 290–291.

26. Ellis, “no apologies, Dr. Swift,” 75.

27. Treadwell, “Swift’s Relations with the London Book Trade,” 11.

28. Hansard, Typographia, 180–182.

29. A. Z., “Memorials of the Family Tooke,” 604.

30. Swift, A Tale of a Tub, 110–115.

31. Schmitt, Political Theology, 36–37.

32. Weinbrot, Menippean Satire Reconsidered, 115.

33. Thorne, “Thumbing our nose,” 533.

34. Ibid., 536–537.

35. McDowell, “Defoe and the Contagion of the oral,” 95.

36. Stallybrass and White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression, 103.

37. Weinbrot, 11.

38. Ibid., 7, 24.

39. Nokes, Jonathan Swift, A Hypocrite Reversed, 99.

40. Phiddian, Swift’s Parody, 140. See also Walsh, “Text, ‘Text,’ and Swift’s A Tale of a Tub,” 87; Probyn, “ ‘Haranguing Upon Texts,’ ” 189; and Wyrick, Jonathan Swift and the Vested Word, 33.

41. Plato, “Phaedrus,” 521.

42. Ibid., 528.

43. Derrida, Dissemination, 76.

44. Karian, “Reading the Material Text,” 531, 538.

45. Swift, A Tale of a Tub, 33.

46. Wyrick, 32.

47. Swift, A Tale of a Tub, 39.

48. Ibid., 65.

49. Ibid., 66.

50. Weinbrot, 119–120.

51. Ibid., 67.

52. Walsh, “Swift and Religion,” 169.

53. Mueller, “A Tale of a Tub and early Prose,” 202.

54. Maruca, The Work of Print, 13.

55. Eagleton, The Ideology of the Aesthetic, 36; Moretti, The Way of the World, 16; Lawrence Klein, Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness, 197.

56. Johns, The Nature of the Book, 28.

57. Siskin, The Work of Writing, 52, 21, 26, 88.

58. Lloyd, Ireland After History, 35–36.

59. Lloyd, Anomalous States, 42.

60. Fabricant, Swift’s Landscape, 24.

61. A Paradox. The Best Perfume.

62. Berman, Berkeley and Irish Philosophy, 80–81; esty, “excremental Post-colonialism,” 26–28; Gibbons, Edmund Burke and Ireland, 235–236.

63. Sher, 443.

64. Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back, 1–4; armah, The Beautyful Ones, 9.

65. Langford, A Polite and Commercial People, 1–7.

66. Derrida, “economimesis,” 3.

67. Lloyd, Anomalous States, 54.

68. Habermas, Structural Transformation, passim.

69. Ashfield and de Bolla, “Introduction,” 1.

70. Shaftesbury, Characteristicks of Men, 1:59–60.

71. Ibid., 1:55.

72. Ibid., 1:38–39.

73. Ibid., 1:44–45.

74. Ibid., 1:39.

75. Klein, Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness, 125, 153.

76. Shaftesbury, 1:62.

77. Ayers, “Introduction,” xvi.

78. Horkheimer and adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, 94.

79. Bond, The Spectator, 530, 529.

80. The Tatler, 4:140.

81. Ayres, xxvii.

82. Richards, Rhetoric and Courtliness in Early Modern Literature, passim.

83. Klein, Shaftesbury, 197.

84. Cowan, “Mr. Spectator and the Coffeehouse Public Sphere,” 351.

85. Ibid., 4.

86. Nash, Wild Enlightenment, 11.

87. Thorne, 536–537.

88. Habermas, passim.

89. Downie, Robert Harley and the Press, 1–15; Downie, “Secret Service Payments,” 440.

90. Downie, “Public and Private,” 74.

91. Regan, “ ‘Pranks Unfit for naming,’ ” 53; Stallybrass and White, 94.

92. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 24, 28.

93. Ibid., 30.

94. Ingrassia, Authorship, Commerce, and Gender, 4.

95. Goux, Symbolic Economies, 29.

96. Gee, “The Sewers,” 103.

97. Nicholson, Writing and the Rise of Finance, 8.

98. Lee, Swift and Scatological Satire, 81–82. For psychoanalytic interpretations of Swift’s scatology, see norman Brown; ehrenpreis, The Personality of Jonathan Swift; Manousos; Murray; and Voigt.

99. Lee, 7–9.

100. Ibid., 37–38.

101. Gee, 106.

102. Lee, 39.

103. Braverman, “Satiric embodiments,” 83.

104. Lockwood, “Fielding and the Licensing act,” 379–393.

105. Eagleton, 41.

106. See Mason, “The Quack Has Become God.”

107. All of these references are to Jonathan Swift, Miscellanies.

108. This translation appears only in the original pamphlet, not the version in the Miscellanies. See Don Fartinhando Puffindorst, The Benefit of Farting Explain’d, 7.

109. Swift, Miscellanies, title page.

110. Ibid., title page, Postscript.

111. Neill, “Broken English and Broken Irish,” 3.

112. Carroll, “Barbarous Slaves and Civil Cannibals,” 69.

113. Spenser, A View of the State of Ireland, 94; Milton, Works, 3:303–304.

114. Lee, 71.

115. Esty, 33–35.

116. Blackwell, “The Two Jonathans,” 129–149.

117. Gibbons, 172.

118. Thorne, 541.

119. There has been some debate as to whether Gulliver’s Travels is a specifically Tory opposition text. See oakleaf, Political Biography of Jonathan Swift, 183–201.

120. McLaverty, “The Failure of the Swift-Pope Miscellanies,” 136. See Chapter 6 for a more detailed discussion of the Miscellanies project.

121. McKeon, Origins of the English Novel, 351.

122. Hunter, “Gulliver’s Travels and the novel,” 69.

123. Watt, The Rise of the Novel, 28; McKeon, 352.

124. Hunter, 66.

125. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:444, Ferguson, Jonathan Swift and Ireland, 135.

126. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:444.

127. Treadwell, “Benjamin Motte,” 296–299.

128. Treadwell, “The Text of Gulliver’s Travels,” 67–68, 75–78.

129. Treadwell, “observations on the Printing of Gulliver’s Travels,” 174, 171; Pollard, Dictionary, 203.

130. Pollard, Dictionary of Members of the Dublin Book Trade, 203, 305.

131. Gaonkar, Alternative Modernities, 17.

132. Ibid., 8–9.

133. Mahony, “Swift, Postcolonialism, and Irish Studies,” 217–235; Boyle, Swift as Nemesis, xii.

134. Boyle, 31.

135. Gaonkar, 1–2.

136. Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, 248.

137. Hawes, The British Eighteenth Century, 142, 147.

138. Ibid., 145.

139. Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, 154.

140. Ibid.

141. Ibid., 155.

142. Ibid.

143. Hawes, The British Eighteenth Century, 150.

144. Ibid., 146.

145. Ibid., 146–147.

146. Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 439.

147. Ibid., 442.

148. Ibid., 407–408.

149. Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, 157.

150. Louis, Swift’s Anatomy of Misunderstanding, 22–23.

151. Rodino, “Splendide Mendax,” 1062.

152. Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, 65–66.

153. Ibid., 122.

154. For recent critics who have written about the “Sinon problem,” see Castle, “Why the Houyhnhnms Don’t Write,” 390, 379, 393; Zimmerman, Swift’s Narrative Satires, 140, 139, 35, 17–18, 13; Rawson, God, Gulliver, and Genocide, 45; Passman, “an allusion to Mandeville,” 206, 206–207, 207; and Rodino, 1059–1060, 1063, 1060, 1066.

155. Hunter, 68–69.

156. Ibid., 66.

157. McKeon, 352–353.

158. Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, 54, 64.

159. Ibid., 74.

160. Ibid., 84–85.

161. Louis, 135.

162. Swift, Gulliver’s Travels, 123.

163. Ibid., 123, 124–125.

164. Ibid., 125.

165. Ibid., 28–29.

166. Louis, 149–150.

Chapter 4

1. Swift, Prose Works, 10:61.

2. Aravamudan, Tropicopolitans, 18.

3. Hawkes, Idols of the Marketplace, 19.

4. Woolley, “Poor John Harding and Mad Tom,” 109; Ferguson, Jonathan Swift and Ireland, 96; o’Regan, Archbishop William King, 304, 313; Baltes, The Pamphlet Controversy about Wood’s Halfpence, 186.

5. Maruca, The Work of Print, 3, 28.

6. Ibid., 63, 106, 108.

7. Gillespie, “Select Documents XLII,” 415.

8. Ibid., 416.

9. Ibid., 415.

10. Ibid., 414.

11. Parsons, “Money and Sovereignty,” 61.

12. Fauske, Jonathan Swift, 111.

13. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:192.

14. Midleton to abbadis, 21 Sept. 1723, State Papers Ireland, SP63/381/135; King to Hopkins, 11 Dec. 1722, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 750/7/246; King to Lord King, 19 Jan. 1725, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 750/8/75; James Kelly, “Harvests and Hardship,” 69; Maxwell, Mr. Maxwell’s Second Letter to Mr. Rowley, 6.

15. A copy of William Wood’s royal patent for coining copper halfpence and farthings is at PRo SP63/380/187.

16. Johnston, Bishop Berkeley’s Querist, 45.

17. King to Southwell, 9 June 1724, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 2537/110.

18. King to Gorge, 17 oct., 1724, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 2537/279; King to Lord King, 6 Dec. 1726, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 750/8/163; King to Southwell, 9 June 1724, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 2537/110.

19. Beckett, “Swift and the Anglo-Irish Tradition,” 151–165, 158.

20. Connolly, “Swift and Protestant Ireland,” 28–46, 40.

21. Baltes, The Pamphlet Controversy about Wood’s Halfpence, 186, 186n196, 186n197.

22. James Kelly, “Jonathan Swift and the Irish economy,” 7.

23. Rowley, An Answer to a Book, 40.

24. Johnston-Liik, History of the Irish Parliament, 1:395.

25. Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution, 37.

26. Gunn, “Public opinion,” 247–265, 251.

27. Baltes, 135.

28. Ann Cline Kelly, “The Birth of Swift,” 13–23.

29. Baker, Inventing the French Revolution, 86.

30. Crow, Painters and Public Life, 5.

31. Mah, “Phantasies of the Public Sphere,” 168.

32. Ozouf, “ ‘Public opinion at the end of the old Regime,” S1–S21.

33. Dean, Publicity’s Secret, passim.

34. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History, 68, 61.

35. Ibid., 97.

36. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History, 68, 61, 97.

37. King to Hopkins, 21 July 1722, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 750/7/166.

38. King to Gorge, 12 Dec. 1724, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 2537/195.

39. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:254–255.

40. Revenue Commissioners to Hopkins, 7 aug. 1722, PRo SP63/380/110.

41. Midleton to abbadis, 21 Sept. 1723, PRo SP 63/381/135.

42. King to Grafton, 10 July 1722, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 750/7/159.

43. PRo SP63/384/19.

44. PRo SP63/383/231.

45. PRo SP63/384/38.

46. King to Molyneux, 6 apr, 1723, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 750/7/329.

47. PRo SP63/384/156.

48. PRo SP63/383/209.

49. King to Hopkins, 11 Dec. 1722, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 750/7/246.

50. PRo SP63/384/141.

51. Newman, Early Paper Money of America, 134.

52. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:188.

53. Fabricant, “Speaking for the Irish Nation,” 352.

54. Boylan and Foley, Political Economy and Colonial Ireland, 2.

55. Rashid, “The Irish School of economic Development,” 346.

56. Ibid., 347.

57. Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact, 94–95.

58. Ibid., 98–99.

59. Cullen, “Value of Contemporary Printed Sources,” 154.

60. Rashid, 347.

61. Cullen, “Value of Contemporary Printed Sources,” 147.

62. Thompson, Models of Value, 21, 83.

63. Ibid., 44–45.

64. Aravamudan, 274–275.

Chapter 5

1. Smith, “Towards a ‘Participatory Rhetoric,’ ” 136–137.

2. Culler, On Deconstruction, 34–35.

3. Phiddian, “Have You eaten Yet?,” 618; Culler, 34.

4. Joyce, Ulysses, 187.

5. I would like to thank Professors Sarah Sherman and James Woolley for comments on drafts of this chapter.

6. Mandeville, A Modest Defence of Public Stews, 14.

7. Ibid., Preface.

8. Ibid.

9. Barthes, Image, Music, Text, 147; Derrida, Dissemination, 76; Plato, “Phae- drus,” 523; Swift, A Tale of a Tub, 34.

10. Mandeville, Preface.

11. Ibid.

12. Mandell, “Bawds and Merchants,” 112.

13. Nicholson, Writing and the Rise of Finance, 103.

14. Swift, Correspondence, 3:278.

15. Nicholson, 3.

16. Downie, “Public and Private,” 59.

17. Bacon, The Essays; or, Councils, Civil and Moral, 20.

18. Marana, Eight Volumes of Letters, 130.

19. Forman, Second Letter to Walpole, 38.

20. Bolingbroke, “Vampires.”

21. Ingrassia, Authorship, Commerce, and Gender, 3.

22. Ibid., 41.

23. Pope, The Dunciad Variorum, lines 1–44.

24. Ingrassia, 50.

25. Ibid., 53.

26. Pope, line 7.

27. For a comparison of the use of “melancholy” and the cannibal theme in A Modest Proposal and Cato’s Letters, see Higgins, Swift’s Politics, 190–192.

28. Rawson, God, Gulliver, and Genocide, 240.

29. Nokes, Jonathan Swift, 348.

30. Woolley, “Sarah Harding,” 165–166.

31. Ibid., 167.

32. Ibid., 168.

33. Higgins, 190.

34. Scriblerus, “Peri Bathos,” 10:345.

35. De Bolla, The Discourse of the Sublime, 65.

36. Furniss, Edmund Burke’s Aesthetic Ideology, 235.

37. Scriblerus, 10:345–346.

38. Bell, “ ‘not Lucre’s Madman,’ ” 53.

39. Scriblerus, 10:345.

40. Ibid., 10:348.

41. Bell, “not Lucre’s Madman,” 54.

42. Laura Brown, “Reading Race and Gender,” 429.

43. Hawes, “Three Times Round the Globe,” 198.

44. Aravamudan, Tropicopolitans, 18.

45. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:155.

46. James Kelly, “Harvests and Hardship,” 72–89.

47. Ferguson, Jonathan Swift and Ireland, 170.

48. Swift and Sheridan, The Intelligencer, 198.

49. Rawson, 242.

50. Barnard, A New Anatomy of Ireland, 323; James Kelly, “Harvests,” 102.

51. Legg, “Money and Reputations,” 75–76; Johnston-Liik, History of the Irish Parliament, 6:114.

52. Reflections on the National Debt, 12.

53. James Kelly, “Harvests,” 72–89; Coghill to Perceval, 5 apr. 1729, South-well Papers, BL aDD MS 47032/107—9, Public Record office of northern Ireland copy.

54. King to Grafton, 10 July 1722, King Manuscripts, TCD MSS 750/7/159.

55. King, “Taxation of Ireland,” 297–298.

56. Carpenter, “Two Possible Sources,” 147–148; Coleborne, “We Flea the People,” 132–133.

57. Rawson, 243.

58. Swift, The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. Harold Williams, 3:772–782, lines 9–22.

59. Coghill to Southwell, 18 June 1728, Southwell Papers, HM 28675, Public Record office of northern Ireland copy.

60. Swift, The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. Williams, 3:772–773.

61. Ibid., 847, 851; Swift and Sheridan, 206; Johnston-Liik, 6:250, 3:53.

62. Mahony, “Protestant Dependence,” 94.

63. Swift, The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. Williams, 3:859–861.

64. Swift, Correspondence, 3:341–342.

65. Journals of the House of Lords, 86–87.

66. McGrath, “ ‘Public Wealth,’ ” 182.

67. Ibid., 178–183.

68. Ibid., 181.

69. McGrath, “Central aspects of the Constitutional Framework,” 18.

70. Swift, Correspondence, 3:372–373.

71. Coghill to Southwell, 13 nov. 1729, Southwell Papers, BL aDD MS 21122/95-6, Public Record office of northern Ireland copy; Hayton, The Letters of Marmaduke Coghill, 78 n260

72. Johnston-Liik, 3:444.

73. Ibid., 1:423.

74. DePorte, “Vinum Daemonum,” 56–68; Cullen, “economic Development, 1750–1800,” 177; McCracken, “The Political Structure, 1714–60,” 46; McDowell, “Ireland in 1800,” 673.

75. Johnston-Liik, 1:423.

76. James Kelly, “Jonathan Swift and the Irish economy,” 34.

77. James Kelly, “Swift on Money and economics,” 140.

78. Johnston-Liik, 1:425.

79. Nicholson, 22.

80. Booth, A Rhetoric of Irony, 105.

81. Real, Securing Swift, 185.

Chapter 6

1. Probyn, “Jonathan Swift at the Sign of the Drapier,” 226–228.

2. Habermas, Structural Transformation, 29.

3. Kiberd, Inventing Ireland, 4.

4. Berkeley, The Querist, 21–22.

5. Sher, The Enlightenment and the Book, 450.

6. Benedict, Making the Modern Reader, 3.

7. Griffith, “Mobilising office, education and Gender” 65.

8. Carpenter, “Introduction,” ix.

9. Pollard, Dictionary of Members of the Dublin Book Trade, ix; Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books, 3–11, 37.

10. Griffith, 65; Barnard, “Print Culture,” 53–54.

11. Faulkner, The Humble Petition.

12. San Juan, “The anti-Poetry of Jonathan Swift,” 27; Peake, “Swift on Poets and Poetry,” 97; Fischer, Mell, and Vieth, Contemporary Studies of Swift’s Poetry, 13.

13. Ferguson, Jonathan Swift and Ireland, 181; Swift, Prose Works, 12:xxi.

14. Sundell, “a Savage and Unnatural Taste,” 90.

15. Pilkington, An Infallible Scheme, 4.

16. Moxon, Mechanick Exercises, 356–357.

17. Pilkington, 12–13.

18. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 658; Swift, The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. Harold Williams, 471.

19. Swift, The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. Williams, 2:470–486.

20. Brynn, “Repercussions of Union on Church of Ireland,” 286.

21. Karian, “edmund Curll,” 121, 127–128: McLaverty, “The Failure of the Swift-Pope Miscellanies,” 134.

22. McLaverty, 138.

23. Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic, 66.

24. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:776–777.

25. Swift, The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. Williams, 2:634, lines 49–56. Further citations from this poem are from this edition, pages 2:628–638.

26. George Mayhew, Rage or Raillery, 109.

27. Ibid., 112.

28. Archbishop Hugh Boulter to Duke of Dorset, 21 apr. 1731. In Woolley, Swift’s Later Poems, 129.

29. Swift, The Poems of Jonathan Swift, ed. Williams, 2:643–644, lines 105– 116. Further citations from this poem are from this edition pages 2:639–659.

30. Maurice Johnson, The Sin of Wit, 15.

31. Conlon, “original Swift,” 72.

32. Mell, “Irony, Poetry, and Swift,” 319, 324.

33. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:777; Mayhew, 109–110.

34. Swift to Pope, 26 nov. 1725, Swift, Correspondence, 3:102. Quoted in Harth, “Swift’s Self-Image as a Satirist,” 115–116.

35. Harth, “Friendship and Politics,” 241–247.

36. Ibid., 246.

37. Benedict, 17.

38. Ibid., 6.

39. Pollard, “George Faulkner,” 79–96.

40. Mahony, Jonathan Swift, 1.

41. McLaverty, 143–144.

42. Swift to Motte, 9 Dec. 1732, Swift, Correspondence, 4:89–90.

43. McLaverty, 139–143.

44. Phillips, Printing and Bookselling in Dublin, 104–105.

45. Sher, 448, 467.

46. Swift to Motte, 25 May 1736, Swift, Correspondence, 4:493–494.

47. Ehrenpreis, Swift: The Man, 3:789.

48. Price, The Anthology and the Rise of the Novel, 3.

49. Mahony, Jonathan Swift, xiii, 11–12.

50. Benedict, 109.

51. Ibid., 111–127.

52. Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction, passim.

Epilogue

1. Kiberd, Inventing Ireland, 4.

2. Kiberd, Irish Classics, 85.

3. Naomi Klein, No Logo, 44.

4. Holt, How Brands Become Icons, 11, xi, 5, 8.

5. Keough, “The Importance of Brand Power,” 18, 26.