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NOTES
Chapter One: A Southern Moses
1. Julian Thomas Buxton Jr., “Franklin J. Moses, Jr.: The Scalawag Governor of South Carolina” (undergraduate thesis, Princeton University, 1950), 13.
2. R. H. Woody, “Franklin J. Moses, Jr., Scalawag Governor of South Carolina, 1872–74,” North Carolina Historical Review 10, no. 2 (April 1933): 112.
3. Woody, 111.
4. Hyman Rubin III, South Carolina Scalawags (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), xv.
5. Christopher Dell, “Franklin J. Moses: Proto–New Dealer and Reconstruction Governor,” paper presented to the Conference on the South, the Citadel, April 1981.
6. Richard Zuczek, State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 162–64. See also Stephen Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
7. Harper’s Weekly, September 19, 1874.
8. For a general history of Reconstruction see Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (New York: Harper, 1988).
9. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, rev. ed. (New York: Harcourt, 1967).
10. Quoted in Robert McKenzie and Allan Silver, Angels in Marble: Working-Class Conservatives in Urban England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).
11. John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2007).
12. Marc Dollinger, Quest for Inclusion: Jews and Liberalism in Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
13. Eric L. Goldstein, The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006). See also Karen Brodkin, How Jews Became White Folks (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2006).
14. Benjamin Ginsberg, The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 146.
15. Buxton, 190.
16. Stella Suberman, The Jew Store (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books, 2001).
17. Historical Research Department of the Nation of Islam, The Secret Relationship between Blacks and Jews (Chicago: Latimer, 1991).
18. Robert N. Rosen, The Jewish Confederates (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2000), 17.
19. Charles Reznikoff, The Jews of Charleston (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1950), 85.
20. Harry Scheiber, Jacob N. Cardozo: Economic Thought in the Antebellum South (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966). All quotes by Cardozo in this chapter are from this work.
21. Rosen. Also Bertram W. Korn, American Jewry and the Civil War (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1951).
22. Barnett A. Elzas, The Jews of South Carolina: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1905).
23. Elzas, 107.
24. Elzas, 71.
25. Gary Phillip Zola, Isaac Harby of Charleston, 1788–1828: Jewish Reformer and Intellectual (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994), 3.
26. Zola, 4.
27. Elzas, chap. 12.
28. Elzas, 248–49.
29. Rosen, 117.
30. Elzas, 226.
31. Elzas, 233. The family members included Israel Nunez and Albert Luria, sons of Raphael Moses, who changed their names to honor old family connections.
32. Harry Simonhoff, “1868: Franklin J. Moses: Chief Justice of South Carolina,” Journal of the Southern Jewish Historical Society1, no. 1, 23.
33. Elzas, 197.
34. U. R. Brooks, The Politics of Bench and Bar, vol. 1 (Columbia, S.C.: State Co., 1908).
35. Brooks, 34.
36. Walter Edgar, South Carolina: A History (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998), 334.
37. Sumter Watchman, Dec. 20, 1859, quoted in Buxton, 22.
38. Elzas, 198.
39. Brooks, 33.
40. Buxton, 8.
41. Buxton, 5.
42. Mary Boykin Chesnut, A Diary from Dixie, ed. by Ben Ames Williams (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980).
43. John S. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia, S.C.: State Co., 1905), 99–100.
44. Emory S, Thomas, The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971), 19.
45. Buxton, 12.
46. Woody, 113.
47. Woody, 113.
48. Joseph J. Ellis, His Excellency, George Washington (New York: Knopf, 2004), 38.
49. Buxton, 18.
50. Chesnut, 38.
51. James M. Morgan, Recollections of a Rebel Reefer (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1917), 318.
52. Edgar, 363.
53. Emory Thomas, The Confederate Nation (New York: Harper and Row, 1979), chap. 11.
54. Charles Cauthen, South Carolina Goes to War, 1860–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1950), 135.
55. Edgar, 375.
56. Cauthen, 137.
57. Edgar, 363.
58. Cauthen, 217.
59. Thomas, Confederate Nation, 284.
60. Thomas, Confederate Nation, 108.
61. “Franklin Moses, Jr., Formerly of South Carolina,” New York Times, Dec. 26, 1878.
62. Buxton, 32.
63. Leonard Rogoff, “Is the Jew White? The Racial Place of the Southern Jew,” American Jewish History85, no. 3 (1997): 195–230.
64. Edgar, 373.
65. Cauthen, 183–84.
66. Edgar, 372.
67. Korn, 210.
68. Korn, 133.
69. Korn, 212.
70. John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk’s Diary (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1866), 1:213.
71. Korn, 214.
72. Korn, 213.
73. Korn, 210.
74. Rosen, 334.
Chapter Two: The Making of a Scalawag
1. Francis B. Simkins and Robert H. Woody, South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932), 18.
2. Simkins and Woody, 21.
3. John Porter Hollis, The Early Period of Reconstruction in South Carolina (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1905), 27
4. Laura Webster, The Operation of the Freedmen’s Bureau in South Carolina (Northampton, Mass.: Smith College, 1916).
5. Webster, 4.
6. Simkins and Woody, 30.
7. Simkins and Woody, 30.
8. Lillian A. Kibler, Benjamin Perry: South Carolina Unionist (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1946), 375.
9. Kibler, 313.
10. Quoted in Kibler, 396.
11. Walter Fleming, ed., Documentary History of Reconstruction (Cleveland: Arthur Clark Co., 1906), 47.
12. Kibler, 403.
13. Fleming, 47.
14. Simkins and Woody, 37.
15. “Franklin Moses, Jr., Formerly of South Carolina,” New York Times, Dec. 26, 1878.
16. Julian Thomas Buxton Jr., “Franklin J. Moses, Jr.: The Scalawag Governor of South Carolina” (undergraduate thesis, Princeton University, 1950), 41.
17. Simkins and Woody, 41.
18. Simkins and Woody, 42.
19. Robert K. Ackerman, Wade Hampton III (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2007).
20. Simkins and Woody, 43.
21. Simkins and Woody, 53.
22. Simkins and Woody, 55.
23. South Carolina House Journal, Reg. Sess., 1866, 32–35.
24. Simkins and Woody, 63.
25. John S. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia, S.C.: State Co., 1905), 49.
26. Buxton, 46.
27. Buxton, 47.
28. Sumter News, Oct. 18, 1866.
29. Sumter News, July 19, 1866.
30. Sumter News, Oct. 18, 1866.
31. Sumter News, Oct. 11, 1866.
32. Sumter News, Dec. 13, 1866.
33. Sumter News, Aug. 16, 1866.
34. Sumter News, Oct. 18, 1866.
35. Sumter News, Nov. 1, 1866.
36. Sumter News, Oct. 4, 1866.
37. Sumter News, Oct. 4, 1866.
38. Sumter News, Dec. 13, 1866.
39. Simkins and Woody, 68.
40. Hollis, 69.
41. Simkins and Woody, 71.
42. Simkins and Woody, 71.
43. Simkins and Woody, 87.
44. Michael Fitzgerald, The Union League Movement in the Deep South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989).
45. Thomas Holt, Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979), 31.
46. Fitzgerald, 212.
47. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 283.
48. Foner, 287.
49. Simkins and Woody, 81.
50. Reynolds, 79.
51. Simkins and Woody, 85.
52. Simkins and Woody, 84.
53. Foner, 292.
54. Sumter News, April 11, 1867.
55. Sumter News, March 21, 1867.
56. Sumter News, May 23, 1867.
57. Sumter News, April 11, 1867.
58. Sumter News, May 2, 1867.
59. “Franklin Moses, Jr., Formerly of South Carolina,” New York Times, Dec. 26, 1878.
60. R. H. Woody, “Franklin Moses, Jr., Scalawag Governor of South Carolina, 1872–74,” North Carolina Historical Review 10, no. 2 (April 1933): 115.
61. William L. King, The Newspaper Press of Charleston, South Carolina (Charleston: Edward Perry, 1872).
62. Foner, 282.
63. Ronald Lewis, “Cultural Pluralism and Black Reconstruction: The Public Career of Richard H. Cain,” Crisis 85 (July 1978): 57–60.
64. Sumter News, Aug. 30, 1866.
65. Sumter News, June 22, 1867.
66. Sumter News, June 8, 1867.
67. Sumter News, May 2, 1867.
68. Sumter News, April 11, 1867.
69. Sumter News, Aug. 31, 1867.
70. Simkins and Woody, 89.
71. Sumter News, June 29, 1867.
72. Sumter News, Aug. 31, 1867.
73. Sumter News, July 27, 1867.
74. Sumter News, Aug. 31, 1867.
75. Sumter News, Sept. 14, 1867.
76. Sumter News, Sept. 21, 1867.
Chapter Three: Reinventing South Carolina’s Government
1. Hyman Rubin III, South Carolina Scalawags (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), xx.
2. John Porter Hollis, The Early Period of Reconstruction in South Carolina (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1905), 83.
3. Thomas Holt, Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979), 36.
4. William C. Hine, “Black Politicians in Reconstruction Charleston, South Carolina,” Journal of Southern History 49, no. 4 (Nov. 1983): 559.
5. Eric Foner, Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 39.
6. Peggy Lamson, The Glorious Failure: Black Congressman Robert Brown Elliott and the Reconstruction in South Carolina (New York: Norton, 1973).
7. Quoted in Francis B. Simkins and Robert H. Woody, South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932), 92.
8. Charleston Mercury, Feb. 5, 1868.
9. Charleston Mercury, Jan. 29, 1868.
10. Charleston Mercury, Jan. 28, 1868.
11. Charleston Mercury, Jan. 28, 1868.
12. Cal M. Logue, “Racist Reporting during Reconstruction,” Journal of Black Studies 9, no. 3 (March 1979): 339.
13. Charleston Mercury, Jan. 15, 1868.
14. Logue, 349.
15. Rubin, 27.
16. Rubin, 27.
17. Charleston Mercury, Jan. 16, 1868.
18. Sumter News, Jan. 25, 1868.
19. Hollis, 90.
20. James S. Pike, The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (New York: Appleton, 1874).
21. Mark Wahlgren Summers, The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865–1878 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 191–96.
22. Pike, 15.
23. Pike, 12.
24. Pike, 29.
25. Summers, chap. 12.
26. Foner, Freedom’s Lawmakers, 577.
27. Foner, Freedom’s Lawmakers, 290.
28. James S. Allen, Reconstruction: The Battle for Democracy (New York: International Publishers, 1937), 66–67.
29. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (New York: Harper, 1988), 305; Simkins and Woody, 82.
30. Foner, Reconstruction, 294–96.
31. Hine, 564.
32. Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of South Carolina (New York: Arno Press, 1968), 136.
33. V. I. Lenin, What Is to Be Done? (New York: International Publishers, 1929), 15.
34. Simkins and Woody, 94.
35. W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America (New York: Free Press, 1998), 200.
36. Proceedings, 828.
37. Proceedings,829.
38. Proceedings,729.
39. Proceedings, 735.
40. Simkins and Woody, 417.
41. Proceedings, 695.
42. Proceedings, 705.
43. Proceedings, 706.
44. Simkins and Woody, 100.
45. Proceedings, 227.
46. Proceedings, 437.
47. Proceedings, 427.
48. Proceedings, 427.
49. Julian Thomas Buxton Jr., “Franklin Moses, Jr.: The Scalawag Governor of South Carolina” (undergraduate thesis, Princeton University, 1950), 72.
50. Du Bois, 197.
51. Foner, Reconstruction,309.
52. Du Bois, 198.
53. Foner, Reconstruction,309.
54. Foner, Reconstruction, 309.
55. Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863–1869 (New York: Norton, 1974), 258.
56. Foner, Reconstruction,309.
57. Benedict, 273.
58. Foner, Reconstruction, 316.
59. Foner, Reconstruction,310.
60. Foner, Reconstruction, 310.
61. Foner, Reconstruction, 71.
62. Carol Bleser, The Promised Land: The History of the South Carolina Land Commission, 1869–1890 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1969), chap. 1.
63. Foner, Reconstruction, 329.
64. Proceedings, 118.
65. Proceedings, 107.
66. Proceedings, 115.
67. Proceedings, 113.
68. Proceedings, 114.
69. Proceedings, 115.
70. Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965), 156.
71. Proceedings,147.
72. Proceedings, 146.
73. Proceedings, 196.
74. Bleser, 20.
75. Proceedings,379.
76. Proceedings, 434.
77. Proceedings, 508.
78. Bleser, 97.
79. Bleser, 146–59.
80. Simkins and Woody, 107.
81. Simkins and Woody, 109
82. Walter L. Fleming, ed., Documentary History of Reconstruction (Cleveland: Arthur Clark, 1906), 1:456.
83. Simkins and Woody, 109.
84. Herbert Shapiro, “The Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction,” Journal of Negro History 49, no. 1 (Jan. 1964): 35–36.
85. Richard Zuczek, State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), chap. 3.
86. Merrill Singer, “Symbolic Identity Formation in an African American Religious Sect: The Black Hebrew Israelites,” in Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism, ed. Yvonne Chireau and Nathaniel Deutsch (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, 57.
Chapter Four: Speaker Moses
1. Francis B. Simkins and Robert H. Woody, South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932), 122.
2. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (New York: Harper, 1988), 538.
3. Peggy Lamson, The Glorious Failure: Black Congressman Robert Brown Elliott and the Reconstruction in South Carolina (New York: Norton, 1973), 68.
4. Lamson, 69.
5. Hyman Rubin III, South Carolina Scalawags (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), 102.
6. Herbert Shapiro, “The Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction: The South Carolina Episode,” Journal of Negro History 49, no. 1 (Jan. 1964): 35.
7. Foner, 303.
8. Charles Cummings, “The Scott Papers: An Inside View of Reconstruction,” Ohio History 79, no. 2 (Spring 1970): 116.
9. Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965), 294.
10. Atlantic Monthly, 1901.
11. Quoted in Julian Thomas Buxton Jr., “Franklin Moses, Jr.: The Scalawag Governor of South Carolina” (undergraduate thesis, Princeton University, 1950), 93.
12. Buxton, 94.
13. Rubin, 114.
14. Williamson, 294.
15. Buxton, 104.
16. James S. Pike, The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (New York: Appleton, 1874), 19.
17. Williamson, 202.
18. Buxton, 107.
19. Williamson, 338.
20. “Moses,” New Hampshire Sentinel, June 25, 1874, 2.
21. Claude Bowers,The Tragic Era: The Revolution after Lincoln (Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1929), 350.
22. South Carolina House Journal, July 6, 1868, 9.
23. Simkins and Woody, 142.
24. Harry Simonhoff, “Franklin J. Moses: Chief Justice of South Carolina,” Journal of the Southern Jewish Historical Society 1, no. 1 (Nov. 1958): 23–27.
25. Williamson, 292.
26. Williamson, 210.
27. Simkins and Woody, 432.
28. Williamson, 213.
29. Williamson, 229.
30. Williamson, 291.
31. Williamson, 149.
32. Carol Bleser, The Promised Land: The History of the South Carolina Land Commission, 1869–1890 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1969), 64.
33. Bleser, 97.
34. Williamson, 158.
35. Williamson, 149.
36. Williamson, 149.
37. Williamson, 157.
38. John S. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia, S.C.: State Co., 1905), 162.
39. Quoted in Williamson, 156.
40. Williamson, 158.
41. Simkins and Woody, 209.
42. Simkins and Woody, 202.
43. Simkins and Woody, 203.
44. Buxton, 100.
45. Reynolds, 266.
46. Simkins and Woody, 132.
47. Simkins and Woody, 162.
48. Robert N. Rosen, The Jewish Confederates (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2000), 346.
49. Matthew Josephson, The Politicos, 1865–1896 (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1938).
50. Mark Wahlgren Summers, The Era of Good Stealings (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 158.
51. Richard H. Abbott, For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004).
52. Robert H. Woody, Republican Newspapers of South Carolina, Southern Sketches Series no. 10 (Charlottesville, Va.: Historical Publishing, 1936).
53. Mark Wahlgren Summers, The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865–1878 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), 197.
54. “Franklin Moses, Jr., Formerly of South Carolina,” New York Times, Dec. 26, 1878.
55. Summers, The Press Gang, 195–96.
56. Rubin, 30.
57. Rubin, 30.
58. Richard Zuczek, State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 149.
59. Walter Edgar, South Carolina: A History (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1998), 401.
60. Martin Shefter, Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), chaps. 2 and 3.
61. Shefter, 35–36.
62. “South Carolina and Her Robber Governor,” Troy Weekly Times, June 18, 1874, 1.
63. “The Crimes of Moses, the Robber Governor,” New York Times, June 11, 1874, 1.
64. South Carolina House Journal, Nov. 23, 1869, 3–4.
65. Edward F. Sweat, “The Union Leagues and the South Carolina Election of 1870,” Journal of Negro History41, no. 1 (Jan. 1976): 200–214.
66. Allen W. Trelease, White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Experience and
Southern Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971).
67. Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2006).
68. Otis A. Singletary, Negro Militia and Reconstruction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1957).
69. Simkins and Woody, 452.
70. Lamson, 88.
71. Zuczek, 75.
72. Singletary, chap. 3.
73. South Carolina House Journal, Nov. 23, 1869, 7–8.
74. Simkins and Woody, 178.
75. Reginald McGrane, Foreign Bondholders and American State Debts (New York: Macmillan, 1935), 348.
76. Simkins and Woody, 156.
77. “Message of His Excellency, Franklin J. Moses, Jr., Governor of South Carolina, to the Extra Session of the General Assembly,” October 1873.
78. South Carolina House Journal, Nov. 23, 1869, 6.
79. Zuczek, State of Rebellion.
80. Shapiro, 41.
81. John A. Leland, A Voice from South Carolina (Charleston: Walker, Evans, and Cogswell, 1879), 49.
82. Lou Falkner Williams, The Great South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials, 1871–1872 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 23.
83. Shapiro, 43.
84. Trelease.
85. Shapiro, 43.
86. Proceedings in the Ku Klux Klan Trials at Columbia, South Carolina, in the United States Circuit Court, November term, 1871 (Columbia, S.C.: Republican Printing Co., State Printers, 1872), 279–80.
87. Zuczek, 100.
88. Summers, The Press Gang, chap. 12.
89. Zuczek, 101.
90. Zuczek, 138–40.
91. Rubin, xviii.
92. Zuczek, 146.
93. Zuczek, 149.
94. Zuczek, 149.
Chapter Five: Governor Moses
1. Julian Thomas Buxton Jr., “Franklin J. Moses, Jr.: The Scalawag Governor of South Carolina” (undergraduate thesis, Princeton University, 1950), 123.
2. R. H. Woody, “Franklin Moses, Jr.: Scalawag Governor of South Carolina, 1872–74,” North Carolina Historical Review 10, no. 1 (Jan. 1933): 120.
3. Peggy Lamson, The Glorious Failure (New York: Norton, 1973), 157.
4. Woody, “Franklin Moses,” 120.
5. William A. Sheppard, Red Shirts Remembered: Southern Brigadiers of the Reconstruction Period (Atlanta: Ruralist Press, 1940), 5.
6. Frederick C. Bancroft, The Negro in Politics (New York: Pearson, 1885), 29.
7. Francis Butler Simkins and Robert H. Woody, South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932), 467.
8. Buxton, 133.
9. Sumter News, March 27, 1873.
10. South Carolina Senate Journal, 1872–73, 39–43.
11. Quoted in Sumter News, Dec. 25, 1872.
12. Quoted in Sumter News, Dec. 25, 1872.
13. Sumter News, Dec. 12, 1872.
14. William A. Scott, The Repudiation of State Debts (Boston: Crowell, 1893).
15. Simkins and Woody, 182.
16. “Message of His Excellency Franklin J. Moses, Jr., Governor of South Carolina, to the Extra Session of the General Assembly,” October 1873, 17.
17. Simkins and Woody, 167.
18. “Message of His Excellency,” 28–30.
19. “Message of His Excellency,” 20.
20. Scott, 87.
21. B. U. Ratchford, American State Debts (Durham: Duke University Press, 1941), 186.
22. Scott, 88.
23. Scott, 88.
24. Simkins and Woody, 168.
25. Alrutheus Ambush Taylor, The Negro in South Carolina during the Reconstruction (New York: Russell and Russell, 1924), 214.
26. Simkins and Woody, 440.
27. John S. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia, S.C.: State Co., 1905), 231.
28. Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965), 232.
29. Daniel W. Hollis, University of South Carolina, vol. 2 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1956), 64–65.
30. Reynolds, 234.
31. Hollis, 67.
32. Hollis, 67.
33. Hollis, 71.
34. Reynolds, 263.
35. Henry Thompson, Ousting the Carpetbagger from South Carolina (Columbia, S.C.: Bryan Co., 1926), 68.
36. Hollis, 70.
37. Thompson, 68.
38. W. Lewis Burke Jr., “The USC School of Law,” in At Freedom’s Door, ed. James L. Underwood and W. Lewis Burke (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2000), 115.
39. John Herbert Roper, “A Reconsideration: The University of South Carolina during Reconstruction,” Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association (1974): 46–57.
40. Roper, 54.
41. James M. McPherson, The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), 41–42.
42. William A. Dunning, Reconstruction: Political and Economic (New York: Harper, 1907), 216.
43. Thompson, 63.
44. Buxton, 140.
45. Buxton, 140.
46. Woody, “Franklin Moses,” 123.
47. Woody, “Franklin Moses,” 123.
48. Buxton, 140.
49. Benjamin Ginsberg and Martin Shefter, Politics by Other Means (New York: Basic Books, 1990).
50. Benjamin Ginsberg and Martin Shefter “The Presidential Impeachment Process,” in Debating the Presidency, ed. Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2006), 56–59.
51. Simkins and Woody, 182.
52. Simkins and Woody 182.
53. “The Crimes of Moses, the Robber Governor,” New York Times, June 11, 1874, 1.
54. Woody, “Franklin Moses,” 124–26.
55. Robert H. Woody, Republican Newspapers of South Carolina, Southern Sketches Series no. 10 (Charlottesville, Va.: Historical Publishing, 1936).
56. Woody, Republican Newspapers, 38.
57. Lamson, 197.
58. Lamson, 198.
59. James S. Pike, The Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 107.
60. Robert F. Durden, “The Prostrate State Revisited: James Pike and South Carolina Reconstruction,” Journal of Negro History 39, no. 2 (April 1954): 87–110.
61. Benjamin Ginsberg, The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), chap. 2.
62. “Southern Society: South Carolina Miscegenation,” Indianapolis Sentinel, Nov. 1, 1874, 7.
63. Hyman Rubin III, South Carolina Scalawags (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), 87.
64. Williamson, 400.
65. Rubin, 87.
66. Reynolds, 263.
67. “The President on South Carolina,” Jamestown Journal 49, no. 11, (July 17, 1874): 2.
68. Williamson, 399.
69. Richard Zuczek, State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 139.
70. Thompson, 69.
71. Thompson, 69.
72. True Southron, Sept. 17, 1874.
73. True Southron, Oct. 1, 1874.
74. Charleston News and Courier, Dec. 20, 1875.
75. Rubin, 93.
76. Lamson, 227.
77. True Southron, Dec. 23, 1875.
78. Williamson, 397.
79. Charleston News and Courier, Dec. 20, 1875.
80. Buxton, 160
81. Woody, “Franklin Moses,” 129.
82. True Southron, Jan. 6, 1876.
83. Buxton, 160.
84. Thompson, 88.
Chapter Six: Exiled from the Promised Land
1. “Franklin Moses, Jr., Formerly of South Carolina,” New York Times, Dec. 26, 1878.
2. Walter Allen, Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina (New York: Putnam’s, 1888), 88–104.
3. Francis B. Simkins and Robert H. Woody, South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932), 476.
4. Allen, 110.
5. Allen, 110.
6. Simkins and Woody, 477.
7. Joel Williamson, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1965), 401.
8. Williamson, 403.
9. Williamson, 404.
10. Williamson, 404.
11. Williamson, 405.
12. William Gillette, Retreat from Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979).
13. Richard Zuczek, State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 146.
14. Zuczek, 153.
15. Zuczek, 153.
16. Walter L. Fleming, ed., Documentary History of Reconstruction, vol. 2 (Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark, 1907), 405–6.
17. John A. Leland, A Voice from South Carolina (Charleston: Walker, Evans, and Cogswell, 1879), 137.
18. Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2006).
19. Zuczek, 153.
20. Stephen Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 67.
21. Hyman Rubin III, South Carolina Scalawags (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2006), 105.
22. Fleming, 407.
23. William A. Sheppard, Red Shirts Remembered: Southern Brigadiers of the Reconstruction Period (Atlanta: Ruralist Press, 1940).
24. Allen, 349.
25. Simkins and Woody, 514.
26. “A Scalawagger, a Carpet-Bagger, and a Nigger,” New Hampshire Sentinel, Jan. 4, 1877, 1.
27. Foner, 580–81.
28. Report of the Joint Investigating Committee on Public Frauds and the Election of the Hon. J. J. Patterson to the United States Senate, Made to the General Assembly of South Carolina at the Regular Session, 1877–78 (Columbia, S.C.: Calvo and Patton, 1878).
29. William J. Cooper Jr., The Conservative Regime: South Carolina, 1877–1890 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), 30.
30. Report of the Joint Investigating Committee,552.
31. W. Lewis Burke, “Post-Reconstruction Justice: The Prosecution and Trial of Francis Lewis Cardozo,” 53 S.C.L. Rev. 361 (Winter 2002).
32. “Wade Hampton’s Domain,”New York Times, Aug. 20, 1877, 1.
33. Cooper, 30.
34. Rubin, 114.
35. Lillian Kibler,Benjamin F. Perry, South Carolina Unionist (Durham, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1946), 497.
36. Simkins and Woody, 544–45.
37. Atlantic Monthly, April 1901.
38. Wilton B. Fowler, “A Carpetbagger’s Conversion to White Supremacy,” North Carolina Historical Review 43, no. 3 (Summer 1966): 301.
39. Simkins and Woody, 547.
40. Eric Foner, Freedom’s Lawmakers (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993), 87.
41. Simkins and Woody, 544.
42. James Patton, “The Republican Party in South Carolina, 1876– 1895,” University of North Carolina James Sprunt Studies in History and Political Science 31 (1949): 93–111.
43. George Brown Tindall, South Carolina Negroes, 1877–1900 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1952), chap. 3.
44. Patton, 110.
Coda
1. Edward P. Mitchell, Memoirs of an Editor (New York: Scribner’s, 1924), 327.
2. R. H. Woody, “Franklin J. Moses, Jr., Scalawag Governor of South Carolina, 1872–74,” North Carolina Historical Review 10 no. 2 (April 1933): 131.
3. Julian Thomas Buxton Jr., “Franklin Moses, Jr.: The Scalawag Governor of South Carolina” (undergraduate thesis, Princeton University, 1950), 178.
4. Mitchell, 327.
5. Woody, 131.
6. Robert N. Rosen, The Jewish Confederates (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2000), 347.
7. Solomon Breibart, Explorations in Charleston’s Jewish History (Charleston: History Press, 2005).
8. Barnett A. Elzas, The Jews of South Carolina: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1905), 199.
9. Stephen Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 116.
10. “Col. F. J. Moses Dead,” New York Times, Sept. 27, 1914.