Race, Sex, and Social Order in Early New Orleans

Notes

n o t e s Abbreviations AHR American Historical Review AC Archives des Colonies, Archives nationales de France (series A, B, C11, C13, F, and G) AGI, PC Archivo General de Indias, Papeles Procedentes de Cuba AGI, SD Archivo General de Indias, Audiencia de Santo Domingo Cabildo Records Records and Deliberations of the Cabildo Carondelet Dispatches El Baron de Carondelet, 1789–97, Spanish Governors of Louisiana Dispatches, Manuscripts Division, Howard-Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University Census Tables The Census Tables for the French Colony of Louisiana from 1699 through 1732, ed. Charles R. Maduell Jr. CVOP Conseil de Ville, Official Proceedings, 1803–29 First Families The First Families of Louisiana, comp. and trans. Glenn R. Conrad General Digest A General Digest of the Acts of the Legislature of Louisiana, Passed from the Year 1804 to 1827 Inclusive, and in Force at This Last Period with an Appendix and General Index, ed. Louis Moreau-Lislet (1828) HT Special Collections, Manuscripts Department, Howard Tilton Memorial Library, Tulane University JAH Journal of American History JR The Jesuits Relations and Allied Documents: Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries in New France, 1610–1719, ed. Reuben Gold Thwaites Letter Books Official Letter Books of W. C. C. Claiborne, ed. Dunbar Rowland LH Louisiana History LHQ Louisiana Historical Quarterly 222 Note to Page 1 Loix et constitutions Loix et constitutions des colonies françoises de l’Amérique sous le vent, ed. Médéric-Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry Louisiana Acts Louisiana, Acts of the Legislature, 1812–1857 MPAFD Mississippi Provincial Archives: French Dominion, ed. Dunbar Rowland, A. G. Sanders, and Patricia Galloway NONA New Orleans Notarial Archives (notarial acts are cited by the name of the notary, volume [if available], and folio numbers) NOPL City Archives and Special Collections, Louisiana Division, New Orleans Public Library Records of the Diocese Records of the Diocese of Louisiana and the Floridas, University of Notre Dame RSC Records of the Superior Council, Louisiana State Museum RSC, LHQ Index to the Records of the Superior Council, published in the Louisiana Historical Quarterly (1917–1943) SCLHA, UNO Supreme Court of Louisiana Historical Archives, Earl K. Long Library, University of New Orleans SJR Spanish Judicial Records, Louisiana State Museum SJR, LHQ Index to the Spanish Judicial Records, published in the Louisiana Historical Quarterly (1923–1948) SLC Sacramental records of the St. Louis Cathedral, Archives of the Archdiocese of New Orleans SMV Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 1765–1794, ed. Lawrence Kinnaird SR Sacramental Records of the Roman Catholic Church of the Archdiocese of New Orleans, eds. Earl C. Woods, Charles E. Nolan, and Dorenda Dupont Vaudreuil Letterbooks Vaudreuil Letterbooks, 1743–47, Loudoun Collection, Manuscripts Department, Huntington Library Vaudreuil Papers Vaudreuil Papers, French Colonial Manuscripts, 1743–53, Loudoun Collection, Manuscripts Department, Huntington Library WMQ William and Mary Quarterly Introduction 1. [André] Pénicaut, “Établissements des Français aux cotes du Golfe du Mexique et dans la vallée du Mississipi, 1698–1722,” Découvertes et établissements des français dans l’ouest et dans le sud de l’Amérique Septentrionale (1614–1754): Mémoires et documents originaux recueillis , ed. Pierre Margry, 6 vols. (Paris, 1876–86), 5:394; André Pénicaut, Fleur de Lys and Calumet: Being the Pénicaut Narrative of French Adventure in Louisiana, trans. Richebourg Gaillard McWilliams (Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1988), 23–24. Notes to Pages 1–2 223 2. Instructions pour le Sieur d’Iberville, capitaine de fregate Legere, pour le voyage qu’il va faire au Mississippy, August 27, 1701, AC, B, 1:161v–62, cited in Guillaume Aubert, “‘Français, Nègres et Sauvages’: Constructing Race in Colonial Louisiana” (PhD diss., Tulane University, 2002), 148. 3. The literature on the transformation from ethnocentrism to racism is vast. For an especially nuanced interpretation, see George M. Frederickson, Racism: A Short History (Princeton, N.J., 2002), chapter 1. For one that pays particular attention to the contradictory nature of these ideologies, see Joyce Chaplin, “Race,” in The British Atlantic World, 1500–1800, ed. David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick (Basingstoke, England, 2002), 154–72. Among the classics and more recent works are: David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (Ithaca, N.Y., 1966); Winthrop Jordan, White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1968); William B. Cohen, The French Encounter with Africans: White Response to Blacks, 1530–1880 (Bloomington, Ind., 1980), 1...