- Index
- Chapter
- Johns Hopkins University Press
- pp. 225-231
-
- View Citation
- Additional Information
Index
Page numbers in italics indicate figures and illustrations.
Adams, St. Clair, 66–68
Addams, Jane, 72
aesthetics of vice districts and amusement parks, 26–28
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, 60–61
alcohol suppliers, 116–17, 131–34
American Hotel Men’s Association, 100
American Purity Association, 112–13
American Social Hygiene Association (ASHA): activities of, 91–92
red-light abatement laws and, 84
treatment of women during WWI and, 112–13
vice commissions and, 92–93
during World War I, 106
American Vigilance Association, 84, 90, 91, 92, 181n37
Andrews, Lincoln C., 123–24
anti-monopolism, 69–70, 71, 73, 115–16, 132–34
Anti-Saloon League, 128
anti-Semitism, 71–72
anti-vice reformers: accomplishments of, 90
after demobilization, 113, 114
political antecedents of, 21–22
prostitutes and, 112
social hygiene laws and, 94. See also mugwumps
anti-vice regulation: anti-monopolism and, 70, 71, 83–87
through trust busting, 83–87
Arlington, Josie, 49
ASHA. See American Social Hygiene Association
Atlanta, Georgia: Men and Religion Forward Movement, 93
Neighborhood Union, 58–59
race riot in, 52, 55, 57–59, 61
after red-light district closure, 97, 102
Vice Commission of, 93
Baker, Newton, 105–6
Baltimore, Maryland, 62
bartenders, role of, 33, 110–11
Binford, Jessie, 112
Breckinridge, Sophonisba P., 52
bribes, 6–7, 8, 11–13, 77–78, 122–23
Bridgeport, Connecticut, 7, 25, 34, 98
Brooklyn, New York, 45
brothels: Blue Books and, 33–34
cost of services in, 33–34
as detention houses, 109
disaggregation of services with closing of, 124
electric lights and, 25–26
elimination of, 97, 101, 103, 114–15, 127
initiation to, 41
interiors of, 27–28, 31, 32, 33
madams of, 31
military camps and, 105–6
mixing of races in, 53
as targets of
anti-vice reform, 87, 90, 97, 99, 105–6, 113
Torrio and, 117
white slavery writers and, 71, 76–77, 78, 86. See also red-light districts
Bruère, Martha Bensley, 135
Buckner, Emory, 123–24
Butler, Willis, 130
cabaret performers, 36–37
California, red-light abatement in, 95–96
Capone, Al, 117, 119, 121, 128
Capone, Ralph, 131
Capra, Frank, 1–2
cartelization of alcohol trade, 116–21, 133
charity girls, 42–43, 107, 110–11
Chase, J. Frank, 91
Chicago: Beer Wars, 121
Committee of Fifteen, 73, 96–97
crime cartels in, 117–19
gambling dens in, 38
race riot in, 139
Vice Commission of, 20–21, 90–91
vice districting in, 19–21
vice in suburbs of, 118
Chicago Hotel Keepers’ Protective Association, 100
civil courts of equity, 86, 103, 124
clip joints, 123
clothing: of gangsters, 120
cocaine scare, 65–68
Colosimo, “Big Jim,” 116, 117–18
commerce clause, 84–85
commercializers of vice: districts and, 30
red-light districts as marketplaces and, 77–80
Vice Trust, 80–83
white slavery writers and, 77
Commission on Training Camp Activities (CTCA), 105–11, 115
Committee of Fifteen (Chicago), 73, 96–97
Committee of Fifteen (New York City), 12–13, 15, 17
Committee of Fifty, 30
Committee of Five (Tammany Hall), 12, 13, 14, 17
Committee of Fourteen (New York City), 15–19, 64–65, 73, 82
Committee on the Protective Work for Girls, 108
company stores, 76
Coney Island, New York, 24–28
conspiracy cases, 131–34
Contagious Diseases Acts (Britain), 20, 71, 112–13
Coolidge, Mary Roberts, 56
costumes, musical theater, 28, 36
courts: civil courts of equity, 86, 103, 124
during Prohibition, 123–24
U.S. Supreme Court, 9, 129, 130–31, 138
cribs, 33
crime cartels: conspiracy cases and, 131–34
hierarchical structure of, 133, 134
perpetuation of, 140
during Prohibition, 116–22. See also gangsters
Croker, Richard, 13
CTCA (Commission on Training Camp Activities), 105–11, 115
customers: background of, 41–42
mobility of, 23–24, 41–42, 49–50
race of, 53
after red-light district closures, 98, 99, 110–11, 113, 124–25, 126–27
in red-light districts, 23–24, 31, 34–36, 40
dance halls: charity girls in, 42
conversations about women in, 110–11
electric lights in, 25
interiors of, 27–28
“one-step” dancing in, 38
during Prohibition, 119
renaming of, 35
in San Francisco, 95
dangerous-and-suspicious ordinances, 54–55
“Daughters of the Poor” (Turner), 72–73
disaggregation of services: proprietors and, 124–25
with red-light district closures, 100–101
diversionary policing, 55–56
drinking: mixed-sex, 30–31, 34, 35, 45, 104
set-ups for, 124
Dummer, Ethel Sturges, 112
Dyer, Alfred, 71
Earlsboro, Oklahoma, 122–23
East St. Louis, Illinois, riot, 138–39
Elliott, George Frederick, 8
entertainment venues: concentration of, 5, 7–8, 12, 22, 23, 29, 38–39, 42
continuum of reputability, 4, 24–25, 26–29, 35, 37–38
equity adjudication, 86, 103, 124
ethnic homogeneity of gangsters, 119–20
Europe, James Reese, 65
Everleigh, Ada and Minna, 116
exclusivity: during Prohibition, 126–27
of sporting class, 40
Fosdick, Raymond, 105, 106, 107–8
Fourcault, George “Fewclothes,” 67, 175n91, 176n97
gambling dens: description of, 38
geographic limits on, 5
during Prohibition, 123
regulation of, 59
Torrio and, 119
gangsters, 118–20, 126, 138, 139
Gay-Shattuck law, 64
gender: double standard for, 112
dynamics of, in urban recreation, 110–11
sporting class and, 39–40, 43, 44, 45–47, 48, 49. See also johns; mixed-sex drinking; pimps; women
graft, 6–7, 8, 11, 13, 77–78, 122–23
Guzik, Jake “Greasy Thumb,” 131
gyp joints, 210n48
Hallam, Wirt, 74, 152n93, 181n37
Hammerstein, Oscar, 29
harm-reduction measures, 138
Harrison, Carter Henry, IV, 21, 118
Harrison Narcotic Act, 101, 115, 129
Hartford, Connecticut, 93, 99, 102
High Roller’s Burlesque Company theater poster, iv, 36–37
Hochstim, Max, 81
Hoff, Max, 116
Hofstadter, Richard, 136
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 130–31, 133
Hooke, Walter G., 64
horizontal integration of crime, 121–22, 133
Hotel Association of Chicago, 100
hotel owners, during Prohibition, 125
hotels: prostitution in, 34–35, 100
Houston, Texas, 9
Hugo, Victor, 71
incarceration: as policy, 3
of sexually active women, 108–10, 112–13
income taxes and criminal conspiracies, 128–35
injunction and abatement laws. See red-light abatement laws
intermediate-product markets, 78, 80
Internal Revenue Service, 128, 130, 131
It’s A Wonderful Life, 1–2
Janney, O. Edward, 91
Johnson, Bascom: ASHA and, 92
CTCA and, 106
on detention houses for women, 109
on red-light abatement laws, 86
vice commissions and, 84
kitchen barrooms, 30
kitsch aesthetic, 27–28
“The Ladies Alimony Club” theater poster, 43, 44, 45
Lampton, Edward W., 60–61
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 25–26, 36, 92
law: Mosaic conception of, 3, 136–37
social control and, 17, 55–56, 62–68, 94. See also specific laws
law enforcement: absolutism in, 138
influence of white slavery scare on, 70, 83–87
as perpetuating organized crime, 140
during Prohibition, 122–28
racist aspects of, 54–56
reputational segregation and, 9–10. See also policing
Lawrence, J. Benjamin, 65–66, 67
League of Women Voters, 113
Lexington, Kentucky, 25, 41, 93
L’Hote v. New Orleans, 9
licensing: categorization of venues and, 35
Committee of Fourteen and, 17–19
vice districts and, 9
Lippmann, Walter, 91
liquor licensing. See licensing
Little Rock, Arkansas, 98
Los Angeles, California, 95
Louisville, Kentucky, 7, 62, 102
machine: bribes and, 6–7, 8, 11, 13
constituency of, 6
support for red-light districts by, 13, 15, 23, 77–78
toleration of vice and, 7, 77–78
white slavery narratives and, 73, 77–78
madams, 31, 39, 45, 87, 99, 103
declining status of, 127
portrayal of in white slavery scare, 76, 80–81, 86
male employment within sporting world, 46–47
marketplaces, red-light districts as, 70, 77–80
Marshall, James, 65
McAdoo, William, 10, 20, 149n59
McClure’s Magazine, 72–73
medicalization: of addiction, 129–30
of anti-vice movement, 108
men. See customers; gangsters; johns; messenger boys; mixed-sex drinking; pimps
messenger boys, 23, 33, 46, 49, 101
military camps, 105–7
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 38–39, 93
misogyny, during WWI, 108–10, 111
mixed-race gatherings, 34, 56, 63, 64
mixed-sex drinking, 30–31, 34, 35, 45, 104
Moore, Fred R., 65
moral problems, national policing of, 137–38
Moran, George “Bugs,” 119
morphine maintenance clinics, 129–30
Morrow, Prince, 8
Morton, Jelly Roll, 31
Mosaic conception of law, 3, 136–37
mugwumps: opposition of to machine, 5–7, 9, 11–15, 19–20
support of red-light districts by, 5, 7, 8, 21–22
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 61
nationalization of vice reform, 73, 87, 89–90, 94, 114, 115–16, 129–30, 136–37
National Municipal League, 90
National Urban League, 61
Newark, New Jersey, 31, 36, 102
New England Watch and Ward Society, 91
New Orleans, Louisiana: Blue Books, 33–34, 41
cocaine scare in, 65–68
concert saloons and cafés of, 37–38
crime in, 53–54
race riot in, 57
red-light district closure in, 107
Story-ville district of, 7, 9, 24, 25, 26–28, 34, 42
New York City, New York: Brewers Association, 17–18
Chamber of Commerce, 12, 13–14
Committee of Fifteen, 12–13, 15, 17
Committee of Fourteen, 15–19, 64–65, 73, 82
entertainment venues in, 28–29, 36
Longacre Square map, 29
during Prohibition, 122, 124, 125
red-light districts in, 7, 11–12
O’Bannion, Dion, 121
opium dens, raids against, 56
pandering laws, 84–85
Panders and Their White Slaves (Roe), 75–76
Parkhurst, Charles, 11, 12, 20
parlor houses, 31, 32, 33. See also brothels
A Parlor Match (Enough Said!) theater poster, 47, 48
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 33, 101
Piazza, Willie, 127
pimps: as chronically underemployed men, 46–47, 55
gangsters compared to, 119, 138
portrayal of in white slavery scare, 71–72, 75–76, 81, 85
recreation venue employees acting as, 33, 35, 45–47, 101, 110–11
red-light district closure and, 101–2
Plunkitt, George Washington, 6–7
police, as supporting vice districts, 10, 62
policing: diversionary, 55–56
of moral problems, 137–38
of sales of alcohol, 128–35
social-order, 55–56, 62–68. See also law enforcement
politics: of racial policing, 52–56
of vice districting, 11–15. See also machine
pool halls, 38
Portland, Maine, 38
Portland, Oregon, 35, 40, 41, 102
Potter, Henry C., 13
Progressive reformers: Capra and, 1–2
debt peonage analogy and, 76–77
era of controlled toleration and, 3
failures of, 136–37
purpose of, 88
safety net of, 140
Prohibition: crime cartels and, 116–22
exclusivity during, 126–27
impacts of, 135
rationale for, 115
repeal of, 135
taxes, and policing of sale of alcohol, 128–35
prohibition, statewide, in South, 63
proprietors: anti-vice reform and, 16
brewers and, 17–18
disaggregation of services and, 124–25
discrimination against, 64–65
gender of, 30
portrayal of in white slavery scare, 80–81
red-light district closures and, 97–98, 102–4
of speakeasies, 122
status of, 116–17, 122, 125–26
in vice districts, 24
women as, 151n78
prostitutes: as blamed for prostitution, 107–8, 112
in brothels, 45–46
clandestine, 43
in hotels, 34–35
portrayal of in white slavery scare, 72, 75–76, 88, 112
red-light district closures and, 99, 100–101, 114, 127–28
reglementation and, 7–8
relocation of, 42, 98, 102, 114
supply of and demand for, 99
during WWI, 108–11
Protest List (Committee of Fourteen), 18, 64
Puerto Rico, 109–110
race, and reputability, 169n31
racial policing, 52–56, 138–39
racial segregation, 51–52, 53, 61–63, 138
raiding, 11, 15, 17, 55–56, 102
Raines, John, 16
Raines Law hotels, 15, 16–17, 18
rape scare, 57
real estate speculators, 10
red-light abatement laws, 84, 85–87, 95, 124
red-light district closures: in California, 95–96
in Chicago, 96–97
disaggregation of services with, 100–101
economic impacts of, 97–105
military camps and, 107
The Social Evil in Chicago report and, 91
red-light districts: flow of people in and out of, 23, 24–25, 49
proposals for establishment of, 5, 25
vagrancy laws and, 55. See also brothels; red-light abatement laws; red-light district closures
reglementation, 7–8
regulation of vice: through anti-trust metaphors, 70, 83–87
dualism imposed on, 2–3
racist, 62–68. See also law; law enforcement
relocation: of prostitutes, 42, 98
after red-light district closures, 102
into vice districts, 9
reputability: continuum of, 4, 24–25, 28–29, 35–36, 50
race and, 169n31
reputational segregation: consequences of, 50
failure of, 21–22
law enforcement and, 9–10
ordinances and, 9
proposals for, 5
racial segregation and, 51–52, 53, 56
in South, 107
Vice Commission of Chicago and, 21
resort-keepers. See proprietors resorts: Committee of Fourteen and, 19
description of, 35–36
Torrio and, 118
restaurants, 35
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 74, 75, 82, 181n37
Rockefeller Foundation, 106
Roe, Clifford G.: on American Vigilance Association, 92
The Great War on White Slavery, 79
pandering laws and, 84
Panders and Their White Slaves, 75–76
white slavery and, 74, 91, 118
Rogers, W. A., 14
Russell, Lillian, 39
saloonkeepers. See proprietors
saloons: closing of, and disaggregation of services, 124
cocaine scare and, 65–66
description of, 35
electric signs and, 25
geographic limits on, 5, 9, 11
musical entertainment in, 37–38
padlocking of, 86
pimps in, 47
Prohibition and, 63, 118, 119, 128, 135
prostitution in, 19, 29, 31, 45, 82, 104, 114
regulation of, 55–56, 63–64, 97–98
renaming of, 35
restaurants in, 16
to service soldiers, 105
women in, 30–31. See also proprietors
San Diego, California, 107
San Francisco, California, 7, 95–96, 97, 102
Section of Women and Girls, 108–9
segregation: definition of, 51
racial, 51–52, 53, 56, 61–63, 138
reputational, 3, 5, 9–10, 21–22, 50, 51–52, 107
Selective Service Act, Sections 12 and 13, 105–6, 115
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 133
Shreveport, Louisiana, 9, 10, 107, 130
Sims, Edwin W., 84
social control by law, 17, 55–56, 62–68, 94
The Social Evil in Chicago (report), 91
Social Evil Ordinance, St. Louis, Missouri, 7–8
social-order policing, 55–56, 62–68
sporting class: aesthetics of, 25–28
charity girls and, 42–43
clothing of, 40–41
customers of, 31, 32, 33, 34–35, 41–42, 43, 47
definition of, 24
gender roles and, 39–40, 43, 44, 45–47, 48, 49
male employment in, 46–47
race and, 34, 46, 50, 53–55, 56
as subculture, 39
values and interests of, 39–40. See also pimps; prostitutes
Springfield, Illinois, race riot, 52, 57, 59–61
Stead, W. T., 20
Stewart, H. E., 60–61
St. Louis, Missouri, Social Evil Ordinance, 7–8
Storyville, New Orleans, 7, 9, 24, 25, 42, 53–54, 107
A Stranger in New York theater poster, 39
streetwalkers, 35, 43, 99, 100
Struve, Billy, 33
stuss houses, 38
St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, 120–21
Sullivan, “Big Tim,” 6
Sullivan, Manley, 130
Syracuse, New York, 92, 95, 97–98, 103
tacit localization, 9–10, 11–12, 15–16, 20
Tacoma, Washington, 7
Tammany Hall: Committee of Five, 12, 13, 14, 17
Parkhurst and, 11
Turner and, 72
The Tenderfoot: sheet music, 26, 28
theater posters: High Roller’s Burlesque
for “The Ladies Alimony Club,” 43, 44, 45
for A Parlor Match (Enough Said!), 47, 48
for A Stranger in New York, 39
“The Tiger Lilies,” 31, 32, 33
Thrasher, Samuel, 96–97
“The Tiger Lilies” lithograph, 31, 32, 33
Tillman, Benjamin, 60
Tilyou, George, 24
Tobias, David E., 64
toleration of vice: Capra and, 1–2
implicit legitimacy and, 4, 22
machine and, 77–78
Progressives and, 3. See also red-light districts; reputational segregation
Torrio, Johnny, 116, 117–19, 121
Traffic in Souls (movie), 81
Treasury Department, 115, 122, 123–24, 128–32
Tucker, George Loane, 81
Turner, George Kibbe, 72–73
Tweed, “Boss” William, 6
United States v. Jin Fuey Moy, 129
unit taxes, 122–23
U.S. Supreme Court, 9, 129, 130–31, 138
Van Bever, Julia and Maurice, 49, 118
Van Wyck, Robert A., 13
Vardaman, James, 60
Veiller, Lawrence, 10
venereal disease, detention of women with, 108–10, 112–13
venues in vice districts, 30–39
vertical integration of crime, 121, 133
vice commissions: ASHA and, 84, 92–93
follow-up by, 95
national role of, 89
vice districts: city courts and, 10
constitutionality of, 9
creation of, 7–9, 20, 24–29, 52–53
geographic stability of, 23–24
origins of, 7
politics of, 11–15
violence in, 53–54. See also red-light districts; reputational segregation
violence: of crime cartels, 120–21
gang-related, 139
during Prohibition, 120–21, 135
in vice districts, 53–54. See also race riots
Walker, Stanley, 122
Wallace, Idaho, 123
Walling, William English, 60
war on drugs, 139–40
Washington, Booker T., 51, 58, 65
Washington, Margaret Murray, 51
Wayman, John, 118
Webb v. United States, 129, 130
Weinstein v. United States, 133
Werlain, Philip, 54
Wexler, Irving “Waxey Gordon,” 119, 120
White, Lulu, 41
white-light districts, 4, 25–26, 28–29, 29, 98
white slavery scare: anti-vice reform and, 73–75
debt peonage and, 75–77
economic analysis of, 139–40
influence on law enforcement, 70, 83–87
prosecution of urban vice and, 87
terminology and origins of, 70–73
white slave traffic acts, 84–85. See also Mann Act
Whitin, Frederick: Committee of Fourteen and, 19, 64, 65
on rescue work, 77
views on women of, 107
white slavery narratives and, 74
Williams, Edward Huntington, 66
Willis-Campbell Act, 130
Wilmington, North Carolina, race riot, 57
women: in commercial venues, 35
as madams, 31
as saloon proprietors, 151n78
in saloons, 30–31
sexually active, treatment of during WWI, 108–10, 112–13
sexual objectification of, 111
sporting, during Prohibition, 127. See also mixed-sex drinking; prostitutes
World War I, 105–12
Wright, Hamilton, 67
Ziegfeld, Florence, 29
Previous Chapter
Buy This Book in Print