Health Care in World Cities: New York, Paris, and London

Index

175 Index Access to care, viii; consequences of limited, 7, 19; different levels of, x Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 16, 18, 19, 95–96, 122; diagnostic criteria for, 97; as proxy for burden of IHD, 97–98, and use of revascularization, 101–103 Age-adjustment, 83–84, 93 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 74 American Heart Association, 58, 96 Appendicitis, 17, 82, 83 Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 44–46 Asthma, 17, 74, 83 Australia, 12 Avoidable hospital conditions (AHCs), viii, 17, 73, 75, 94, 108, 122; as accepted measure of access, 74, 80–82; definition of, 83–84; and French primary care system, 79–80; and insurance status, 85–86; and prevalence of disease, 90; and safety-net institutions, 91–92 Avoidable mortality, viii, ix, 15, 56; and data limitations, 60; definition of, 61–62; and socioeconomic status, 71; value of examining, 57–59 Basic practice allowance, 35 Belgium, 25 Benchmarking, 12–13 Beveridge Report, 30 Breast cancer screening, 69–70 Burden of disease, ix, 13, 93–94, 97–101, 123; in U.S., x, 112 Business, privileged position of, 6 Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie des Professions Indèpendants (CANAM), 31 Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés (CNAMTS), 31 Canada, 3, 14, 16, 23, 25, 36, 38, 80, 93, 113, 123; and Commonwealth Fund, 12 Capitated payments, 33 Cardiac catheterization, 18 Case studies, 1, 4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 40, 58 Centers of medical excellence, 53 Chronic disease, 17, 30, 75–76 Clinical trials, 13 Commonwealth Fund, 12–13, 74; and International Working Group on Quality Indicators, 16 Comparative analysis, 1, 8; and adjusting for need, 113; of allocation of resources, 25; of health systems, 12; of high-tech innovations, 18; and OECD, 117; value of city-level, 3–7, 114, 116 Congestive heart failure, 17, 73, 74, 83, 96, 104 Consultants, 38 Contractual model, 26 Convergent trends, 47–48 Coronary Artery Bypass Graph (CABG) Surgery, 18, 93, 96, 104; gender disparities in, 110–111; need for, 113, 123 Council for Health Improvement, 38 Culture, 17, 39, 112, 119 176 Index Gender-adjusted rates, 56 General practitioners (GPs), 37, 38, 42, 43–44, 70; and payment for performance contracts, 76–78 General revenue, 22–23 Germany, 12 Global Cities, 7, 48; and command and control, 50 Globalization, 6–7; and health, 47–48, 75 Goals, 13 Government, 26; subnational, 3–4 Greece, 15 Guidelines, 35 Healthcare Resource Group (HRG), 36 Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 36 Health needs, 7 Health services research, 3, 4, 116 Health status, 1, 23, 29, 42, 48, 52–53; and hospital use, 78, 81–83; and premature death, 56–57, 59, 70; and small area variation, 5–10 Hôpital Saint Louis, vii Hospitals: investor-owned, 36; proprietary , 25; public, vii, 25 Ile de France, 47, 50 Immigrants, 39, 44, 116 Immunization, 45, 58, 81, 83, 151 Index, 18 Indicators, 7–8, 14, 17 Inequality, 3, 7, 50–51, 71, 85, 121, 125; in London, 42–43 Infant mortality, 14–15; reductions in, 16 Infrastructure, public health, viii, 19, 21; and city autonomy, 115 Inner cities, 5 Institute of Medicine, 29, 74 Insurance, 23–25, 28, 31, 33–34, 36, 69, 76, 77, 80, 82, 101, 103, 105–106, 112, 114, 122, 127; and access to care, 17–18; and AHCs, 85–86; for children, 27, 29, 39; employersponsored , 26–27; public, x; and tax deductibility, 22; universal, ix. See also National health insurance Databases, 5; and OECD health, 8 Denmark, 15, 18, 24–25, 93 Deprivation, 5, 44, 63, 67; and avoidable hospital conditions, 83, 88; and avoidable mortality, 70; and revascularization , 104 Diabetes, 17, 24, 62, 65, 73, 74–76, 83 Diagnosis-related groupings (DRGs), 34, 36 Disability Adjusted Life Expectancy (DALE): and differences in use of resources, 10; and missing data, 9 Disease: burden of, ix–x, 13, 93–94, 97–101, 112, 123; chronic, 17, 30, 75–76 Disease surveillance, 46–47, 120–121. See also Syndromic surveillance Disparities, viii–ix, 3; in access, 63, 71, 80; in AHCs, 18, 83; in avoidable mortality, 57, 59, 66–68, 71; between cities, 104–109; between countries, 79, 95, 122; ethnic, 109, 123; gender, 19, 59, 94, 109–112; in heart disease treatment, 109–112; in infant mortality, 48; in London, 43, 109; in Manhattan, ix, 85, 90, 115, 123; between neighborhoods, 47–48, 66–68, 79, 85; in revascularization, 94, 104–109 Electronic health records, 32 Epidemiological modeling, 14 Ethnicity...