Ingenium: Five Machines That Changed the World

INDEX

I N D E X Aborigines, 1n Aerodynamic drag, 12, 19–22 Aerodynamic lift, 20, 22–24 Airy, George, 116, 116n American clocks, 102; Indians, 2, 16n; industrialization, 132–33; locomotives and railways, 141, 142; midwest, 53; revolution, 136; trebuchets, 64; waterwheel, 38, 46, 52; windmill, 53 Anchor escapement. See under Escapement Approximations, 23n, 43 Archer’s Paradox, 16–19 Archery, xii, 3, 8, 10 Arnold, John, 111, 113 Arrow, 2, 9, 17; firepower, 3–4; flight, 22; flight duration, 3n; FOC value, 21; match to bow, 17; spine, 18; vibration, 17, 21 Arrowheads, 4, 17; bodkin, 4–5, 20; broadhead, 4–5, 20, 23 Assumptions, 14, 39, 43, 74, 143n Assyrian, 7 Ballista. See under Catapult Ballistics, 20 Berthoud, Ferdinand, 109 Black Death. See Bubonic plague Boulton, Matthew, 133, 135–36, 139 Bow: and arrow, xii, 1–23, 157–58, 161n, 165; asymmetry, 28; back, 6; belly, 6; braced, 12, 15, 16, 25; composite, 6; compound, 9; cross 173 Bow (continued) section 7; draw weight, 8, 10, 19; ef- ficiency, 12–14, 15, 25; evolution, 5– 8; external dynamics, 19–22; flight, 8; internal dynamics, 11–15, 28; long (see Longbow); modern developments, 8–11; range of, 4, 8, 20, 22; recurve, 8, 9, 24–25; self, 6; string, 2, 9, 12, 14– 15, 27; string elasticity, 15–16; string vibration, 16–17, 27 Bubonic plague, 32n, 64 Cannabis, 6n Carthage, 27n Cartography, xiv, 104n Castles, xiv, 67–70 Catapult, 25–28, 66; ballista, 26; eªciency, 27–28; euthytonos, 25, 61; onager, 26, 61, 67n; palintonos, 27, 61 Cavalry, xiv, 3 Chaos, 117, 127 Chinese navigation, 106; traction trebuchet , 62, 66; waterwheel, 36 Clement, William, 100–101, 167 Clepsydra, 94, 106 Clock, xiv, 95n, 170; balance wheel, 97; candle, 95; circular error, 111–14; eªciency, 122; Huygens’, 96; longcase , 100, 111; pendulum, xii, 96, 97, 100–103, 108, 120–21, 161 Control engineering, xiv, 56, 128, 169 Counterpoise siege engine, xii, 61–91, 159–61, 165–66; Arab influence upon, 66, 68; counterweight, 73, 75, 79, 81–84, 89, 90; eªciency, 70–71, 75, 80, 81, 84; floating-arm trebuchet, 90; hinge, 78, 79, 83; lemon, 77–80; mangonel, 65–66, 71, 80–83, 88, 166; motion, 79, 82, 84; projectiles, 64, 70; range, 70, 75–77, 82; rate of fire, 68; recoil, 81, 87–88; size, 68; slide rail, 83; sling, 71–73, 81–82; traction trebuchet , 62, 65–66; trebuchet, xiv, 62– 65, 67, 71, 83–87, 88, 166; trigger, 74; Turkey, 74–75; variants, 62, 72 Crécy. See under Hundred Years’ War Crossbow, 3; crossbowmen, 3 Cross section, 7 Cybernetics, 154n, 161 Danish trebuchet reconstruction, 62– 63, 65, 67, 160 Denny technical analyses: anchor escapement , 120, 122; bows and arrows, 10, 12; centrifugal governor, 143; counterpoise siege engines, 74, 89, 120, 122, 143, 164n; waterwheels, 45n, 50n Drag coeªcient, 20 Dutch culture, 163; horology, 99; polders , 159; windmills, 52, 54–58 Echo, historical, xi–xii, 158–61 Egypt, 7, 94 El Comprendo, 11, 73, 83 Empiricism, 6, 7, 47, 55, 89n Energy, 71; stored, 27–28; transfer, 35, 85–86, 89n English armies, 3; industrial revolution, 132, 146; longbow, 4, 6, 7, 7n, 10; number of mills, 38; scientific inquiry , 78n; trebuchet reconstruction, 64–65, 160; universities, 135; versus French, 5n, 19; waterwheel improvements , 35; windmills, 52, 55 Enlightenment, xiii, 134–36, 164 Equations, xiii, 87; di¤erential, 10, 83 Equilibrium, 119, 143–45 Escapement, 96, 118, 167; anchor, xii, 93–125, 160–61, 167; crown, 95–96, 167; deadbeat, 100, 114, 116, 118–19; duplex, 116; grasshopper, 116 Euler, Leonhard, 35, 110n European Journal of Physics, 5, 88 European need for improved timekeeping , 94, 104; trebuchets, 65, 66; waterwheels , 35, 38; windmills, 52–53 174 index Euthytonos. See under Catapult Exploration, xiv, 104 Feedback, 128–30, 145 Firearms. See under Gunpowder Fletching, 20, 23 Flywheel, 151–52; governor. See Governor : centrifugal Franklin, Benjamin, 135–36 French horology, 103, 107, 116; and Huygens, 99; revolution, 132–33, 136n; scientific inquiry, 5n, 78n; trebuchets , 62, 162; versus English (see under English); waterwheels, 38 Friction, 13, 14, 87, 121 Frisius, Gemma, 107 Galilei, Galileo, 97, 111 Gear ratio, 36, 37, 143 Genoese crossbowmen, 3, 4 German trebuchet builders, 65; windmills , 52 Glue, 8n Gnomon, 94 Governor: astatic, 146–48; centrifugal, 127–56, 161 Graham, George, 100, 102, 109, 111, 114, 115n, 116 Greek catapult, 25, 61; determination of longitude, 105n; infantry...