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a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s Over the past ten years, while researching and writing this book, I have accumulated many intellectual and personal debts. First, I want to acknowledge the seventy -five interviewees who gave so generously of their time and their memories. I wish I could thank them by name. Without them, this book would not have been possible, and indeed, their stories are what gives this history its meaning. This research was made possible by the material support provided by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, a Whiting Fellowship in the Humanities, and a research grant from the Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History at Harvard University, as well as a Mellon Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Newhouse Center for the Humanities and Department of Women’s Studies at Wellesley College. I have had the opportunity to conduct research at several archives, and I appreciate the assistance of archivists Pat Gossel at the Smithsonian, Alexandra Briseno and Cheryl Chouiniere at the History Factory, Linda Clarke at BBDO, Harry Finley at the Museum of Menstruation, and fellow researcher Rich Lindstrom at the Gilbreth collection at Purdue University. Many thanks also go to Michael and Luci Cedrone, John and Ann Cedrone, and Rena Selya and Terry Cohen, who generously hosted me during my research travel. I had much assistance with my interviews as well. Research assistant Nancy Redd helped tremendously in recruiting interviewees. Grace Shen and Amy Wu spent many hours helping me with my Chinese. Kelly Freidenfelds transcribed many interviews, imbuing the transcripts with her subtle understanding of how to capture spoken words, and as a much-appreciated bonus, shared with me her insightful musings about the material. At Harvard, the History of Medicine Working Group, and the Department of the History of Science more generally, provided friendly and knowledgeable arenas for discussion. I particularly appreciate the contributions of my dissertation 202 Acknowledgments readers, Katy Park and Mario Biagioli, my American history mentor Laurel Ulrich, as well as graduate student and faculty colleagues Conevery Bolton, Michele Murphy, Jeremy Greene, Kristen Haring, Rena Selya, Michael Gordin, Nick King, Debbie Weinstein, David Jones, David Barnes, and Charles Rosenberg . Allan Brandt’s steadfast support and encouragement, along with his example of kind and attentive teaching and rigorous and accessible scholarship, have inspired my deepened commitment to academic teaching and research. The Med Heads (History and Social Studies of Medicine and the Body Working Group) became my intellectual home at the University of California at Berkeley and provided a great deal more welcome feedback on this research. I especially thank Tom Laqueur, Leslie Reagan, Susan Zieger, Alastair Iles, Kate O’Neill, Warwick Anderson, Dorothy Porter, and Brian Dolan, and outside of Med Heads, Paula Fass and Mariane Ferme at Berkeley, and Adele Clarke at the University of California at San Francisco. Charles Rosenberg and Tom Laqueur read my completed dissertation and gave helpful direction for expanding and deepening my research and analysis. The two years I spent as a Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow at the Newhouse Center for the Humanities and the Department of Women’s Studies at Wellesley College were crucial to the final drafting of the manuscript. I received wonderful moral support and intellectual company from the Newhouse Center fellows and my colleagues in Women’s Studies, as well as members of Feminist Inquiry. I especially thank Newhouse Center director Tim Peltason and women’s studies and history of medicine mentor Susan Reverby. Conference presentations of bits and pieces of this book have provided opportunities for invaluable feedback and discussion as well. I particularly thank my colleagues at the American Association of the History of Medicine, the History of Science Society, and the Society for the History of Technology. As the book came to fruition, I appreciated the careful attention and assistance of Robert J. Brugger , Julia Ridley Smith, and the rest of the staff at the Johns Hopkins University Press, and the thorough and thoughtful comments provided by the anonymous reader. I could not have completed this book without my family. My parents, John and Lucy Freidenfelds, have always set an example of curiosity, empathy, independent thinking, and perseverance, and I have looked to that example many times along the way. My brother, Jason Freidenfelds, has encouraged me with his enthusiasm for my research and his concrete editing suggestions. My sister, Kelly Freidenfelds , is my best girlfriend and my most trusted colleague, and the extended conversations we had about...

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