The Social Construction of Russia's Resurgence: Aspirations, Identity, and Security Interests

Notes

Notes Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics, 34, and Paul, “Soft Balancing in the Age of U.S. Primacy.” 2. Trenin and Lo, The Landscape of Russian Foreign Policy DecisionMaking , 5. 3. Parrish, “Chaos in Foreign Policy Decision-Making,” 30, and Larrabee and Karasik, Foreign and Security Policy Decisionmaking under Yeltsin. 4. For international relations approaches that draw on cognitive psychology, see George, Presidential Decisionmaking in Foreign Policy, Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics, Jervis, Lebow, and Stein, eds., Psychology and Deterrence, Larson, Anatomy of Mistrust, McDermott, “Prospect Theory in Political Science,” and Stein, “Political Learning by Doing.” On the differences between aspirational constructivism’s and Jonathan Mercer’s uses of social identity theory, see chapter 2 as well as Oakes, “Psychological Groups and Political Psychology,” 810–12, and Brewer, “Importance of Being ‘We.’” 5. The differences between the rationalist logic of consequences and the sociological logic of appropriateness are laid out in March and Olsen, “The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders.” 6. Larson and Shevchenko, “Shortcut to Greatness,” 80. 7. Wohlforth, “Realism and the End of the Cold War,” Copeland, “Trade Expectations and the Outbreak of Peace,” and Brooks and Wohlforth, “Power, Globalization, and the End of the Cold War.” 8. Larson and Shevchenko, “Shortcut to Greatness.” 9. Levy, “Declining Power and the Preventive Motive for War,” Jervis, “The Implications of Prospect Theory for Human Nature and Values,” and Parrish, “The USSR and the Security Dilemma,” 161–68, 209–47. 10. Jervis and Bialer, Soviet-American Relations after the Cold War. 233 11. Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics. 12. Finnemore, National Interests in International Society, and Finnemore, “Norms, Culture, and World Politics.” 13. Risse, “Let’s Argue!” Kratochwil, Rules, Norms, and Decisions, ReusSmit , “The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions,” and Checkel, “Why Comply?” 14. Important constructivist contributions that do focus on the internal development of national identities and strategic cultures include Kier, Imagining War, Johnston, Cultural Realism, and Hopf, Social Construction of International Politics. 15. Jepperson, Wendt, and Katzenstein, “Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security,” and Wendt, Social Theory. 16. Wendt, Social Theory. See also Stryker, “Identity Salience and Role Performance ,” and Stryker, Symbolic Interactionism. 17. Finnemore, “Norms.” 18. Ellemers and van Knippenberg, “Stereotyping in Social Context,” 209. See also Huddy, “From Social to Political Identity.” 19. For Hopf’s discussion of historical others, see his Social Construction, ch. 4. 20. Ibid., 5–6. 21. Ibid., 11. 22. Gray, “National Style in Strategy,” Gray, Nuclear Strategy and National Style, Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, and Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime. 23. For a discussion of the differences among primordial, instrumentalist, and constructivist theories of nationalism, see Smith, Nationalism and Modernism . 24. Checkel, “The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory.” 25. Katzenstein, ed., Cultural Norms and National Security, Berger, Cultures of Antimilitarism, Abdelal, National Purpose in the World Economy, Tsygankov, Pathways after Empire, and Hopf, Social Construction. 26. Wendt, Social Theory. 27. For reviews of this literature, see Brewer, “The Many Faces of Social Identity ,” Hogg, Terry, and White, “A Tale of Two Theories,” Stryker and Burke, “The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory,” Huddy, “From Social to Political Identity,” and Stets and Burke, “Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory.” 28. I owe Jeffrey Knopf a great debt for suggesting that I was using a “logic of aspiration” in developing this theory. 29. The need for collective self-esteem is a core tenet of social psychology. See Baumeister, “Preface,” Cast and Burke, “A Theory of Self-Esteem,” Elliott, 234 NOTES TO PAGES 6–10 “Self-Esteem and Self-Consistency,” Gecas and Schwalbe, “Beyond the LookingGlass Self,” Rosenberg et al., “Global Self-Esteem and Specific Self-Esteem,” and Smelser, “Self-Esteem and Social Problems.” 30. Tajfel, Differentiation between Social Groups, and van Knippenberg, “Strategies of Identity Management.” 31. Stets and Burke, “Identity Theory,” 233–34, and Oakes, “Psychological Groups.” 32. Larson and Shevchenko, “Shortcut to Greatness.” 33. Tajfel, Differentiation between Social Groups, Tajfel and Turner, “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior,” and Huddy, “Context and Meaning in Social Identity Theory.” 34. Aspiration is a core feature of prospect theory, which emphasizes the importance of aspiration levels in decisionmaking. See Tversky and Kahneman, “Judgment under Uncertainty,” Tversky and Kahneman, “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice,” Tversky and Kahneman, “Loss Aversion in...