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INDEX
action-oriented counseling, 163–64
Adams, Jay: authority of scripture and, 216–18;
confession and, 230–31;
criticism of, 211–12;
moral sensibility and, 238;
on sanctification, 229–30;
on Rogerian techniques, 271n. 21;
sin and mental illness and, 226–27;
sovereignty of God and, 224
Allport, Gordon: APA and, 105, 214;
on fascism and mature personality, 105–6;
Hiltner and, 113;
humanistic psychology and, 5, 70, 86;
on marriage, 119;
pastoral counseling and, 90
American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC), 214
American Association of Pastoral Counselors (AAPC), 111, 203–4, 237–38
American Journal of Pastoral Counseling, 234
American Psychological Association (APA), 213, 214
antipsychiatry movement, 185, 207–9
Anxiety in Christian Experience (Oates), 142–43, 144–45
APA. See American Psychological Association
Art of Counseling, The (May), 90, 98–99
Art of Ministering to the Sick, The (Dicks and Cabot), 81–83, 170, 210
Ashbrook, James, 113, 174–75, 178, 189
Association for Clinical Pastoral Education, 11, 266n. 28
autonomy, personal: and challenge to fascism, 103–7;
and ethic of relationships, 140–41;
gender roles and, 163–66;
humanistic psychology and, 98–101, 102–3;
non-directive therapy and, 123–27
Barkman, Paul, 214
Barry, Herbert, 53
Basic Types of Pastoral Counseling (Clinebell), 236
Batchelder, Alice, 22–24, 34, 35
Beaven, Robert, 57
Becker, Russell, 12, 114, 133–35
Beers, Clifford, 65
Bellah, Robert, 181
Bendroth, Margaret, 221
Benedict, Ruth, 113
Bernreuter Personality Inventory, 164
biological determinism, 168
Blanton, Smiley, 56
Boisen, Anton: antipsychiatry movement and, 209;
Batchelder and, 22–24, 34, 35;
as chaplain, 56;
Christian counseling and, 210;
Clinebell and, 236;
early life of, 21–22;
liberal moral sensibility and, 16–17, 20–21, 36–39;
on mental illness, 25–28;
on Pentecostal practice, 20–21;
psychotic episodes of, 16, 23, 24–25, 28, 34, 35;
scientific method and, 18–21
Bonnell, John Sutherland: antipsychiatry movement and, 209;
confession and, 231;
counseling style of, 74–75, 83–85;
life and career of, 69, 73–74;
non-directive approach and, 136;
Pastoral Psychiatry, 73, 74–75;
Bonthius, Robert, 194–95
Brandt, Henry, 211
Brinkman, Robert, 46, 47, 54, 55, 58
Brinton, Crane, 101
Bronner, Augusta, 67
Bryan, William, 31
Burkhart, Roy, 12, 89–90, 119, 131–32, 164–65
Burtt, E. A., 18
Cabot, Richard C.: The Art of Ministering to the Sick, 81–83, 170, 210;
Dicks and, 41;
on growth, 80–83;
MGH and, 67
Cannon, Ida M., 31, 41, 54, 67
Caprio, Frank, 172
caregiver role, 180–81, 200–204
case study method, 48–52
CCT. See Council for Clinical Training
CCTTS. See Council for the Clinical Training of Theological Students
Christian Association for Psychological Studies, 214
Christian counseling: authority of scripture and, 216–23;
conservative moral sensibility and, 214–15;
God and, 223–32;
B. Narramore on, 206–7;
professional context of, 207–14;
psychiatry, values, and, 215–16
Christianity: classical, 188;
liberal, 10–11;
moral imperatives and, 192–93
Christianity and Liberalism (Machen), 10
Christian Pastor, The (Oates), 114, 129
Christian Shepherd, The (Hiltner), 171, 174, 203
clergy, contribution of, to counseling, 56–58, 193–95
client-centered counseling. See non-directive approach Clinebell, Howard, 189, 203–4, 205, 234–38
clinical pastoral education (CPE): Boisen and, 29–35;
interprofessional alliances and, 42–43, 52–55;
liberal moral sensibility and, 43;
pastoral counseling and, 107–9, 110–11;
programs for, 16, 40–42, 48–49;
scientific method and, 47–48;
strategies of, 48–52;
during WWII, 87–88
Clymer, Wayne, 193
Coffin, Henry Sloane, 53
Collins, Gary: AACC and, 214;
Adams compared to, 217–18;
Christian counseling and, 210, 231–32;
Search for Reality, 209, 228–29
Colston, Lowell: records of, 2–3;
study conducted with Hiltner, 5–6, 114, 152–53, 154, 159–60, 173
comfort and support, parishioners’ desire for, 182–84
Commission in the Ministry report, 109–10
community, Christian, 192, 193
Competent to Counsel (Adams), 216, 226–27
confession and repentance, 230–31
conservative moral sensibility: authority of scripture and, 218;
Christian counseling and, 214–15;
civil discourse and, 233, 238–39;
Fletcher and, 220;
C. Narramore and, 219;
sin and, 232;
in twentieth century, 8–9
Context of Pastoral Counseling, The (Colston), 2–3
contractual morality, 140
Coriat, Isador H., 30
Council for Clinical Training (CCT), 43–44, 47–48, 87–88, 108
Council for the Clinical Training of Theological Students (CCTTS): board of governors of, 52–53;
note taking and, 50–51;
split in, 44–46
counseling: action-oriented, 163–64;
lay, 212;
in 1930s, 65–66;
premarital, 131–35;
psychotherapy and, 63–64;
vocational and educational, 67–68.
See also Christian counseling;
non-directive approach;
pastoral counseling
Counseling and Psychotherapy (Rogers), 91, 99, 100
counselor, as minister, 193–95 Counselor in Counseling, The (Hiltner), 171
CPE. See clinical pastoral education credentialing, professional, 202–3, 213–14
Crisis in Psychiatry and Religion, The (Mowrer), 185, 209 Cure of Souls, The (Holman), 76, 94, 209–10
cure of souls tradition, 26, 73, 76
democracy, psychological autonomy and, 102–3, 103–7
Dewey, John: Boisen and, 18–19;
Hiltner and, 113;
Holman and, 77;
human nature and, 75–76;
individual in social matrix and, 36;
on moral democracy, 156;
reflective thinking and, 19
Dicks, Russell: The Art of Ministering to the Sick, 81–83, 170, 210;
Clinebell and, 236;
on the counseling relationship, 118;
May and, 99;
on pastoral technique, 58–59;
Pastoral Work and Personal Counseling, 170–71;
USO seminars and, 89–90;
verbatim method and, 58–59
divorce counseling, 135–36, 163–64
Dodd, Alexander, 49
domestic ideal, critique of, 166–69
Doniger, Simon, 189
Drakeford, John, 212
Dunbar, Helen Flanders: Boisen and, 45;
CCTTS and, 32, 40, 43–44, 45–46;
Freudian theory and, 47
Dye, Geneva, 34
Eckert, Ralph, 163–64
Ecotherapy, Healing Ourselves, Healing the Earth (Clinebell), 237
Eddy, Mary Baker, 56
Edmonds, Leonard, 52
educational counseling, 67–68
Edwards, Wendy, 9–10
Eitzen, David, 89–90
Elgin (Illinois) State Hospital, 16, 31, 34–35, 51
Elliott, Robert, 186–87
Emmanuel Church (Boston), 29–30
Emmanuel Movement, 30–31, 56, 64
Escape From Freedom (Fromm), 103–5
ethic of care, 157–58
ethic of relationships, 136–41, 151, 162, 177, 178
evangelical counseling. See Christian counseling
Exploration of the Inner World (Boisen), 21, 36–37, 38–39, 209
Fairbanks, Rollin, 112, 129–30, 171–72
faith, meaning of, 199–200
Family and Church (R. Wieman), 237
fascism, challenge to, 103–7
feminine characteristics, embrace of, 156–57, 172, 174–75, 180
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 169, 175
feminization of virtue, 156–57
Fletcher, Joseph, 47, 140, 219–21, 238
Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 17, 53, 56, 62, 100
Frank, Robert, 129
Frankl, Viktor, 215
freedom: ethic of relationships and, 139–41;
gender roles and, 163–66;
men and, 150–51;
personalization of, 114–21;
responsible, 151–53;
views on, 188–89
Freedom from Guilt (B. Narramore and Counts), 225, 226
Freudian theory: Boisen and, 26, 27;
CCT and, 47;
Christian counseling and, 224, 225;
domestic ideal and, 168;
Dunbar and, 45;
Fromm and, 103–6;
human nature and, 76;
Mowrer and, 185–86;
problems with, 188–89;
friendship, therapeutic, 57–58, 71
Fromm, Erich, 86, 96, 103–5, 113, 235
Fromm-Reichmann, Frieda, 103, 235
Fuller Theological Seminary, 210, 213, 214
functional mental illness, 17, 25–26, 36–37, 44, 78
Fundamentalism and Gender (Bendroth), 221
Furgeson, Earl H., 126–27, 128
Garrett Biblical Institute (Evanston, Illinois), 236
gender: Christian counseling and, 221–23;
moral reasoning and, 12–13.
See also gendered moral discourse; gender roles; men; women Gender and the Social Gospel (Edwards and Gifford), 9–10
gendered moral discourse: consequences of, 151–55;
constructing, 144–51;
in historical context, 155–57;
writings about pastoral counseling and, 142–44
gendered moral reasoning, 12–13, 157–60, 274n. 3
gender roles: domestic ideal, and critique of, 166–69;
equality of women and, 175–79;
views on, 163–66
Getting Down to Cases (Holman), 172
Gifford, Carolyn, 9–10
Gilligan, Carol, 157–59, 243n. 22
goals of counseling, 80–83, 98, 195–200
God, views of, and Christian counseling, 223–32
Grounds, Vernon, 228
growth, as goal of counseling, 80–83, 98
Guiles, Philip, 32, 34, 43–44, 45
guilt, 225–26. See also sin Guilt and Grace (Tournier), 225
Hadfield, J. A., 94
Hall, Volta, 118–19
Handy, Robert T., 9
Hardesty, Nancy, 222
Harkness, Georgia, 237
Hartley, Ruth, 178
Hawes, Sheilah James, 202
healing, and Protestantism, 55–58
Healy, William, 67
Hilger, Rothe, 57–58
Hiltner, Seward: on Boisen, 285n. 62;
career of, 89;
CCT and, 46;
on counselor as minister, 194;
on credentials in pastoral counseling, 202–3;
on feminine characteristics in counselors, 174;
Freudian theory and, 47;
gendered moral discourse and, 145, 146;
gender roles and, 168–69;
on healing, 57;
on the nature of sin, 140;
New York Psychology Group, 103;
non-directive therapy and, 125;
Pastoral Counseling, 99–101, 113, 114, 116, 154–55;
Pastoral Psychology and, 163, 189;
on responsible freedom, 139;
self-realization and, 127;
study with Colston, 5–6, 114, 152–53, 154, 159–60, 173;
on the therapeutic relationship, 137;
views of men, 172–73;
Hofmann, Hans, 190
Holifield, E. Brooks, xi, 242n. 18
Holman, Charles: on adjustment, 80;
daily devotion and, 231;
on facing reality, 209–10;
Freudian theory and, 76–78;
Getting Down to Cases, 172;
pamphlet by, 92–95;
and strengthening of will, 115;
Holt, Arthur, 31–32
Holy Spirit, work of, 232
Hopkins, C. Howard, 9
Horney, Karen, 86, 96–97, 103, 113
Horton, Walter M., 190
Hoskins, Roy G., 37
Howe, Reuel, 119
Hulme, William, 187
humanistic psychology, 5, 70, 86, 98–101, 102–3
human nature: Freud and, 95–96;
Niebuhr and, 191–92;
Rogers and, 186, 189, 192, 225;
Institute of Pastoral Care, 46, 47–48
integrity therapy, 212
Interchurch World Movement, 23
International Pastoral Care Network for Social Responsibility, 237–38
interview, the: in CPE, 43, 58–60;
“I-Thou” relationship, 138, 140
James, William, 18, 36, 75–76, 77
Jernigan, Homer, 193
Johnson, Paul, 108–10, 114, 132, 146
Journal of Christian Counseling, 214
Journal of Pastoral Care: book reviews in, 171–72;
on clerical authority, 187;
on gender roles, 173;
Lindemann article in, 167
Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 214
Journal of Psychology and Theology, 206, 214, 221, 223
Judge Baker Guidance Center, 40, 49, 55, 57–58, 67, 251n. 1
Keller, William S., 47
Kinsey, Alfred, 123–24, 129, 171
Kirkendall, Lester, 175
Knight, George W., III, 221–23
Kohlberg, Lawrence, 157–59, 243n. 22
Kreutzer, Knox, 173, 188, 196–200, 201
Kreves, Eugene, 186
LaHaye, Tim, 211, 227–28, 229, 231
Lane, Arthur Garfield, 53
Lapsley, James, 204
Lasch, Christopher, 181
lay counseling, 212
LeFevre, Perry, 189
Let’s Be Normal! (Kunkel), 73
Lewis, Henry, 108
liberal moral sensibility: Boisen and, 16–17, 20–21, 36–39;
characteristics of, 144;
civil discourse and, 233, 238–39;
counseling and, 62–63;
CPE and, 43;
definition of, 7–8;
gendered discourse and, 143–44;
importance of studying, 8–9;
non-directive approach and, 114–21;
pastoral counselors and, 11–13;
Rogerian theory and methods and, 114–21
Lindemann, Erich, 167
Lindsell, Harold, 222
listening to patients, 58–60, 74–75, 81, 98, 101
Logotherapy and the Christian Faith (Tweedie), 215
Loomer, Bernard M., 190
Loper, Vere, 177–78
Machen, J. Gresham, 10
marriage: Burkhart’s views on, 164–65;
divorce counseling, 135–36, 163–64;
emotional intimacy and, 147–48;
ministerial authority and, 123–24;
premarital counseling, 131–35
Marsden, George, 213
Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 41–42, 49, 54, 55, 67, 80
May, Rollo: career of, 69–71;
case example from, 72;
Clinebell and, 235;
counseling style of, 84;
humanistic psychology and, 5, 86;
on moral problems, 76;
New York Psychology Group, 103;
works of, 98–101
McCabe, Alice, 68
Mead, George Herbert, 27, 36, 67–68, 113
Mead, Margaret, 113, 119, 167–69, 204–5
medical social work, 67
Meehl, Paul, 214
men: abstract sense and, 149;
in counseling sessions, 172–73;
freedom and, 150–51;
moral dilemmas and, 143–44, 148–51, 154–55, 157–59;
obligations and, 148–49;
relationships and, 149–51, 154–55
Menninger, William, 88
mental hygiene movement, 65
mental illness: etiology of, 26, 27–28, 78–80, 185, 209, 226–29;
functional, 17, 25–26, 36–37, 44, 78;
religion and, 25–26, 225–26. See also under sin Merrill-Palmer School (Detroit), 112
MGH. See Massachusetts General
Hospital Michalson, Carl, 124
middle class, bias toward, 119–21
Miller, Samuel, 126
ministerial authority: authoritarianism compared to, 187;
counselor and, 193–95;
marriage and, 123–24;
non-directive therapy and, 124–27;
premarital counseling and, 132–33;
restoration of, 188
Mollenkott, Virginia Ramey, 223
moral authority: moral expert compared to, 129–30;
non-directive therapy and, 122–23.
See also ministerial authority
moral imperatives, Christianity and, 192–93
Morality and Mental Health (Mowrer), 209
moral life, and mental health, 80, 83
moral reasoning, and gender, 12–13, 157–60, 274n. 3
Morals and Medicine (Fletcher), 140
moral sensibility, definition of, 7–8. See also conservative moral sensibility;
liberal moral sensibility moral standards, and Christian counseling, 218
Mowrer, O. Hobart: Adams and, 211, 226, 227;
antipsychiatry movement and, 208, 209;
integrity therapy and, 212;
moralism and, 193;
pastoral identity and, 184–86;
sovereignty of God and, 224
Murphy, Gardiner, 113
Narramore, Bruce, 206–7, 210, 213–14, 225, 226
Narramore, Clyde, 210, 218–19, 227, 228, 229, 230
National Conference on Clinical
Training, first (1944), 108
Nature of Prejudice, The (Allport), 106
neo-casuistry, 220
neoevangelicals, 212–13
neo-Freudians, 86, 96–97, 103, 112–13, 235
New York Psychology Group, 103
Niebuhr, Reinhold, 10, 95, 189–92, 274n. 46
Nielson, Richard, 222
non-directive approach: Adams on, 271n. 21;
Christian counseling and, 224–26;
development of, 4–5;
gender roles and, 163–66;
human nature and, 189;
liberal moral sensibility and, 114–21;
moral authority and, 122–23;
Mowrer and, 185;
pervasiveness of, 135–36;
popularity of, 113–14;
problem solving and, 97–98;
promise of, 124–27;
science and, 6
Normative Psychology of Religion (Wieman and Wieman), 237
note taking, 50–51
Oates, Wayne: Anxiety in Christian Experience, 142–43, 144–45;
The Christian Pastor, 114, 129;
on client-centered counseling, 117;
on future of pastoral psychology, 205;
report to interprofessional conference by, 109–10;
views of men, 172–73
Organization Man, The (Whyte), 107, 120
Origins of American Social Science, The (Ross), 18
Outler, Albert, 138–39
Out of the Depths (Boisen), 21
parishioners, and counseling clergy, 181–84
Parker, Richard, 55
pastoral care, as preferred to counseling, 180, 200–204
pastoral counseling: Bonnell and, 73–75;
changes during WWII, 86–90, 92–95;
directive method and, 83–84;
goals of, 80–83, 98, 195, 200;
Holman and, 76–78;
human nature and, 75–77;
liberal moral sensibility and, 62–63;
May and, 70–73;
politics and, 106–7;
popularity with ministers prior to WWII, 68–70;
post-WWII boom in, 107–14;
problems addressed by, 71–73;
problems with, 201;
Progressive context of, 63–70
Pastoral Counseling (Hiltner), 99–101, 113, 114, 116, 154–55
Pastoral Counseling (Wise), 114
pastoral identity, pastoral counselors and, 184–87
Pastoral Psychiatry (Bonnell), 73, 136
Pastoral Psychology (journal): annual training directory in, 111;
articles in, 124;
Ashbrook article in, 174–75;
Bonnell article in, 136;
“The Consultation Clinic”
feature, 133–35;
Eckert article in, 163–64;
on future of the field, 204–5;
gender roles and, 166–67, 173–74, 175–77;
Mead article in, 167–68;
on Rogerian technique, 186;
Rogers and, 114;
Rogers on Niebuhr in, 189–92;
Thompson article in, 168–69;
Wise article in, 138
pastoral technique, 57–58
Pastoral Work and Personal Counseling (Dicks), 170–71
Pastor’s Sketches, A (Spencer), 1–2
Paul (apostle), 38–39, 96, 188
Personal Counsel (Frank), 129
personality, views on, 165–66, 169
Powlison, David, 211–12, 238–39
Preface to Pastoral Theology (Hiltner), 203
premarital counseling, 131–35
Progressivism: Boisen and, 22, 39;
Holman and, 93;
liberal moral sensibility and, 13;
pastoral counseling and, 63–70;
Social Gospel movement and, 9–10
Protestantism, and healing, 55–58
Psychiatric Interview, The (Sullivan), 113
psychiatric social work, 66–67
psychology: humanistic, 5, 70, 86, 98–101, 102–3;
psychologists and, 65–66;
Psychology of Counseling, The (C. Narramore), 218–19
Psychology of Pastoral Care (Johnson), 114
psychotherapy, counseling and, 63–64
Psychotherapy and a Christian View of Man (Roberts), 188
Psychotherapy and the Christian Message (Outler), 139
Reality Therapy (Glasser), 208–9
referral by pastoral counselors, 54–55
Reforming Fundamentalism (Marsden), 213
relationships: “I-Thou,” 138, 140;
between ministers and parishioners, 118;
therapeutic, 136–38;
women and, 144–45.
See also ethic of relationships religion: Freud’s and Rogers’s theories and, 188;
health and, 55–58;
meaning of, 4;
mental illness and, 25–26, 225–26;
moral reasoning and, 159;
rituals of, 182;
science and, 216–18.
See also Christianity; salvation; sanctification; sin
Religion and Health (Hiltner), 99, 172
Religion and Medicine (Worcester, McComb, and Coriat), 30
Religion of a Healthy Mind, The (Holman), 76
Rice, Stuart, 18–19
Rioch, Janet, 103
Ritchie, A. D., 18–19
Rogerian therapy. See non-directive approach
Rogers, Carl: Clinebell and, 236;
Counseling and Psychotherapy, 91, 99, 100;
humanistic psychology and, 70, 86;
on insight, 101;
New York Psychology Group, 103;
Niebuhr and, 189–92;
training and career of, 66, 90–91;
works of, 91. See also non-directive approach
Ross, Dorothy, 18
rural past, connections with pastoral counseling, 234–35
salvation, 1–2, 83, 199, 227–29
sanctification, 199, 229–30, 232
Sands, Irving, 173
Sane Society, The (Fromm), 113
Scanzoni, Leeza, 222
science: biblical revelation and, 216–18;
Christianity and, 10;
and pastoral counseling, 4–6, 47–48
scripture, authority of, 216–23
Search for Reality (Collins), 209, 228–29, 232
secularization, 10–11
Self and the Dramas of History, The (Niebuhr), 189–92
self-realization, 115, 118–19, 127, 177, 260n. 28
Sense and Sensibility (Austen), 7–8
sensibility, 7–8
sex, and self-realization, 118–19
Sex Ethics and the Kinsey Report (Hiltner), 139
Sexually Adequate Female, The (Caprio), 172
Sherrill, Henry Knox, 53
sin: Christian counseling and, 224–25;
conservative moral sensibility and, 232;
ethic of relationships and, 140;
as leading to sickness, 26, 27–28, 78–80, 185, 226–29;
Situation Ethics (Fletcher), 219–20
Smith, Mark, 19–20
Snow, Helen, 54
Social Gospel movement, 9–10, 23, 63, 70, 78
social scientists, 19–20
social work, 66–67
Southard, Samuel, 112, 145, 152, 175, 182
Southern Baptist denomination, 212
Spirit-Controlled Temperament, The (LaHaye), 211
Stewart, Charles, 194
Sullivan, Harry Stack, 86, 96, 103, 113, 235
Szasz, Thomas, 185
theology, return to language of, 187–93
theonomy, 139
therapeutic relationship, 136–38
therapeutic tools: friendship, 57–58, 71;
the interview, 59–61
Thompson, Clara, 103, 113, 168–69, 178
Tillich, Paul: Clinebell and, 235;
ethic of relationships and, 123;
New York Psychology Group and, 103;
Niebuhr and, 189;
on salvation, 199;
theonomy, 139
training in counseling, 69–70, 110–12, 201–2
Triumph of the Therapeutic, The (Rieff), 10
Tweedie, Donald, 210, 214, 215–16, 228
Union Theological Seminary, 18, 22, 23, 41, 71, 234, 235
USO seminars, 88–90, 91, 92–95
values, and Christian counseling, 215–16
Varieties of Religious Experience (James), 18
verbatim method, 58–59
virtue, feminization of, 156–57
virtue ethics, 156
Virtues of Liberalism, The (Kloppenberg), 156
Wallen, John, 91
Weber, Max, 156
Westboro (Massachusetts) Psychopathic Hospital, 24, 28–29
Wieman, Henry Nelson, 237
Wieman, Regina Westcott, 237
William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, 103, 113, 235
Wise, Carroll: on Beaven, 57;
on Boisen, 42;
Council for Clinical Training and, 44–45;
as CPE student, 34;
gendered moral discourse and, 151;
on non-directive approach, 116–17, 118;
non-directive therapy and, 125, 127;
Pastoral Counseling, 114;
on pastoral technique, 58;
on therapeutic relationship, 137, 138;
USO seminars and, 89
women: autonomy for, 165, 166;
case for equality of, 162, 166, 175–79;
emotional intimacy and, 147–48;
as heroines in case narratives, 172–74;
moral dilemmas and, 143–48, 152–54, 157–59;
purview of, 155–57;
and relationships, 143–44, 144–45, 145–47;
responsible freedom and, 152–54;
Wood, Leland Foster, 119
Woodward, Luther, 131
Worcester, Elwood, 29–31, 34, 64
Worcester (Massachusetts) State Hospital, 16, 31–34, 48–49, 50
World War I, liberal Christianity after, 10–11
World War II, and pastoral counseling, 68–70, 86–90
worm theology, 226
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), 22, 23, 88–89, 92–95
Zoppel, Richard, 133
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