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Index Numbers in italic denote illustrations; those in boldface denote tables. Accountability: under direct democracy, 288; horizontal, 307n. 10; vertical, 285 Aclarar, E. G. D., 59 AD (Acción Democrática), 6, 36, 53, 81, 232–33, 245–46; with COPEI dominating political life, 95–98, 120, 161–62, 168, 245–46, 247; diminishing power of, 169, 270; dissension within, 245–46; intellectual criticism of, 117; percent of votes from 1993–2000, 164–66; platform, 154–55; power sharing pact with COPEI, 17–18, 245, 268; relations with private sector elites, 22; role in founding Punto Fijo democracy, 14–15. See also Party system Agüero, Felipe, 61 Albornoz, Orlando, 118 Albright, Madeleine, 142–43 Alexander, 15, 20, 22 Alfaro Ucero, Luis, 246 Alianze Bravo Pueblo, 169 Álvarez, Ángel, 168, 172 ANC (Asamblea Nacional Constituyente), 100–101, 108–9, 222, 281–82 Andrés Bello Catholic University (UCAB), 103 Antiglobalization, 124 Antiparty sentiment, 85, 120, 124–25, 162–63, 164, 168–69, 176, 268, 270, 287–88, 293 Antiterrorism policy, 283 Arias Cárdenas, Francisco, 217, 310 Ateneo de Caracas, 86 Austerity policies, 33, 274, 278, 286 Baduel, Raúl, 66 Ball M., Carlos A., 119–20 Banco del Pueblo, 224 Banco Latino, 83, 215 Banking crisis, 82–85, 267, 277; implosion of wealth tied to, 83–84, 91–92 Bankruptcies, 248 Bello, Andrés, 116 Betancourt, Rómulo, 52–53, 116, 117, 125; as democratic leftist, 19–20; economic growth under, 20; as founding president of Punto Fijo system, 11, 14, 16 Bilateral Investment Treaty, 221 Bilateralism, 146 Bipartism, in Punto Fijo system, 35–36, 44, 95– 96, 112, 153, 160, 269, 303n. 14. See also Party system Black Friday crisis, 3, 5, 29, 37, 73, 81, 99, 117, 160, 188, 266 Blanco Muñoz, A., 217 Bolívar, Simón, 116, 124, 218, 273 Bolivarian constitution. See Constitution of 1999 Bolivarian Revolution, 87, 295, 300n. 9, 309; as chavismo, 114, 121–23, 124; class conflict highlighted in, 6; ideology and goals of, 100–101, 123–24, 217–18, 249, 252, 283–84, 287, 294; intellectual’s support for, 122–23; public schools vision, 282. See also Chávez Frias, Hugo; Direct democracy; Fifth Republic ; MBR; Plan Bolívar 2000 Bolivarian workers federation (FBT), 105, 110– 11 Brazil, trade alignment with, 136 Buque Cargado de Alimentos, 68 Burton, Michael G., 3, 23 Business interests. See Private sector business interests 342 Index Cabrera, Jesús Eduardo, 102–3 CADIVI (Comisión de Administración de Divisas), 227 Caldera, Rafael, 14, 117–18, 196, 271; campaign and election of, 42, 53, 81, 87, 242, 245–46, 276–77; creating stabilization fund, 211–13, 220; inability to solve economic crisis, 169– 70; intellectual opposition to, 117–18; labor law reforms, 237–38; leaving COPEI party, 164–65, 276; neoliberal reforms under, 83, 163–64, 206, 215–16, 237, 272; as political intellectual, 117, 122, 242; political use of military , 271; trade policy and relations with U.S., 137; uneasy intergovernmental relations under, 196 Camel Anderson, Eduardo, 68 Camero, Omar, 81 Campíns, Luis Herrera, 78, 162, 237 Canache, Damarys, 33, 279, 284, 290; on marginalization of urban poor, 267, 268, 269–70. See also Urban poor CANTV (telephone company), 214 Capital: capital flight, 215, 226, 227; foreign capital and ownership, 90–91, 137. See also Private sector business interests Caracas metropolitan police force, 67 Caracas Stock Exchange, 72, 86 Caracazo riots, 33–34, 37, 55, 99, 118, 162, 213, 270 Cardozo de Da Silva, Elsa, 141 Carmona, Pedro, calling national strike, 88–89; interim administration and defeat, 50, 65, 66, 67 Carothers, Thomas, 1, 2 Carter Center, 150, 290 Castro, Fidel: Chávez’s relationship with, 61, 142–43; supporting insurgence against early Punto Fijo governments, 17, 21 Castro León, José M., 16 Catholic Church. See Roman Catholic Church CCN (Cruzada Cívica Nacionalista), 303n. 4 CD (Coordinadora Democratica), 289, 290, 291–92 Central Bank, 215, 225, 226, 278 Centralization, 181, 231–32, 235, 265, 268, 285– 86. See also Decentralization; Recentralization Ceresole, Norberto, 125–26 CESAP (Centro al Servicio de la Acción Popular ), 97, 298n. 2 Chávez Frias, Hugo, 269, 276, 277, 295; call for abstention, 244; charismatic leadership role, 3, 39, 252, 288, 290; economic nationalist perspectives, 203, 216–18; factors leading to election, 45–49, 170–71, 278–79; gaining support of long-term Punto Fijo opponents, 24; imprisoned and released, 87, 122; public opinion on, 67, 170–71, 252–55, 256–59, 307nn. 12...

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