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Index actuarial risk, 55–56 Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 14, 45 adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 107 Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP guidelines): ATP-I, 178; ATP-II, 205–6; ATP-III, 210–11 advertising, pharmaceutical: direct to consumer , 16, 36–37, 209, 234, 290n106; institutional copy, 36–37; journal advertising, 37– 42, 69–70, 94, 96–98; physician response, 43–44. See also marketing, pharmaceutical; pharmaceutical industry Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS), 209–11, 234 Alberts, Alfred, 169, 181 Aldomet (alpha methyl dopa), 48 alendronate (Fosamax), 222 Aleve (naproxen), 192 ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Therapy to Prevent Heart Attacks Trial), 49 Alving, Barbara, 9 American College of Cardiologists, 174, 193 American Diabetes Association (ADA): Banting Lecture on prediabetes, 110; diabetes screening efforts, 98–101; as lay voluntary organization, 101; origins, 87; Orinase launch, 92; tolbutamide controversy, 122 “American diet,” 196 American Drug Manufacturer’s Association, 1 American Heart Association (AHA), 165–66, 174, 183 American Medical Association (AMA): “Boston Tea Party,” 129–30, 132; Council on Drugs, 132; diabetes detection and, 99; National Cholesterol Education Program and, 174; pharmaceutical industry and, 37–38; Seal of Acceptance program, 23; tolbutamide controversy, 90, 132, 134 American Pharmaceutical Association, 99 American Pharmaceutical Manufacturer’s Association , 35, 37 Ames Company, 101 aniline dye industry, 89. See also pharmaceutical industry Anitschkow, Nikolai, 154 anthropology, pharmaceutical, 15 antibiotics, 1–2, 22 antidiabetic agents: carbutamide (BZ 55, Nadisan), 89, 91–93; Diabinese (chlorpropamide ), 91, 97–98; early oral agents, 88; labeling changes, 134–43; micronase (glyburide ), 144; phenformin (DBI), 120, 139; sulfonylureas, 89–92; utilization, 135–37, 144. See also diabetes; Orinase (tolbutamide ); tolbutamide controversy antihypertensive agents: adverse effects, 61; diuretics , 25–26; ganglionic blockers, 61–64; guanethedine (Ismelin), 48; hydralazine, 61, 64; nitrates, 23; perceived risks, 66–69; rauwol fia compounds (reserpine), 15, 61, 64; thiazide diuretics, 71–72; Veratrum alkaloids , 61. See also Diuril (chlorothiazide); hypertension antiretroviral agents, 226 Arateus of Cappadocia, 85 arcus senilis, 194–95 arteriosclerosis, 153–54. See also atherosclerosis ; chronic disease: degenerative model asymptomatic patient, vii–viii, 6–10, 53, 72, 130–37, 189–91. See also classification of disease ; diagnosis; population health; prevention atherosclerosis, 152–57. See also cholesterol; chronic disease; heart disease; population health; prevention Atromid-S (clofibrate), 164 Auguste Viktoria Hospital, 89 autophagia, 85 Banting Lecture, 108 Baychol (ceruvastatin), 205 Baylor University, 201–3 bendroflumethiazide (Naturetin), 71 Benedict’s test, 87 Benemid (probenacid), 25 Bernard, Claude, 84–86, 105 Best, Charles, 86, 88, 105 beta lipoproteins (LDL-cholesterol), 180–81 Beyer, Karl, 27, 71 Biometric Society Report, 133–34 blockbuster drugs, 190–91, 205. See also advertising , pharmaceutical; disease: as market; marketing, pharmaceutical; pharmaceutical industry blood pressure. See hypertension borderline test results, 211–12, 230–32 Bradley, Robert, 91, 115, 129, 133 Bristol-Myers Squibb, 113, 185, 203–11, 218 British Diabetic Association, 87 Brook Lodge, 90, 93, 108, 121, 268n29 Brown, Michael, 175–76, 180–81, 185, 198, 206, 227 Bush, Vannevar, 46–47 C. F. Boehringer, 89 Cabot, Richard C., 8 Camerini-Davalos, Rafael, 91, 109 Canghuilhem, Georges, 84 carbutamide (BZ 55, Nadisan), 89, 91–93 cardiovascular disease. See heart disease Carroll, Edward J., 33–35 Carura (doxasozin), 222 causality of chronic disease, 10–11, 152–57 Chalmers, Thomas, 133, 145 Chassis, Herbert, 72 Chemische Fabrik von Heyden, 89 chlorothiazide. See Diuril (chlorothiazide) cholesterin, 154 cholesterol: and the “American diet,” 196; awareness, 176, 181–83, 189; as causative agent of atherosclerosis, 152–57; Consensus Conference on Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis , 171–73, 184, 196–99; elevated levels, 194–99; epidemiologic studies, 155–57; feedback model of homeostasis, 180–81; “good” vs.“bad,” 180–81, 210; home monitors, 192– 94; as marker of disease, 195–99; as market, 157–58, 189, 199–211; molecular diagnosis, 197–99; normal distribution in population, 195–99; polygenic hypercholesterolemia, 197–99; popular understandings, 172–73; in “preindustrial populations,” 196–97; selfmedication , 191–94; severe hypercholesterolemia , 197–201; as symptomatic condition , 192–93; xanthomatosis 194–97. See also atherosclerosis; cholesterol-lowering agents; chronic disease; heart disease; population health; prevention Cholesterol and Related Events trial (CARE), 211, 216, 234 cholesterol-lowering agents: cholestyramine (Questran), 169–70, 184–85; emulsifiers, 157; estrogens, 157; fibrate derivatives, 163–64; glandular extracts, 157; heparin, 163; lipid metabolism intermediates, 157; MER/29 (triparanol), 158–63; neomycin, 163; niacin, 163; plant alkaloids, 157; self-medication, 191–94, 293–94n12; statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), 177–219; thyroid preparations , 157. See also cholesterol; population health; prevention Cholesterol Update, 176 chronic disease: activist model...

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