Envisioning Black Colleges: A History of the United Negro College Fund

Notes

Introduction. A Time for Innovation and Change 1. Lea A. Williams, “The United Negro College Fund: Its Growth and Development” (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1977), 1. 2. Katrina Sanders-Cassell, “Intelligent and Effective Direction”: The Fisk University Race Relations Institute and the Struggle for Civil Rights (New York: Peter Lang, 2005), 5. 3. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and American Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1944). 4. John Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day. The Generation before the Civil Rights Movement in the South (New York: Knopf, 1994). 5. Ibid., 286. 6. Ibid., according to Egerton, although some people in the North thought of the NAACP as a more moderate or mainstream organization, in the South, from the standpoint of whites, the NAACP was considered a radical, confrontational organization during the 1940s. 7. Genna Rae McNeil, Groundwork: Charles Hamilton Houston and the Struggle for Civil Rights (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983). 8. Myrdal, An American Dilemma. 9. Of course, an even larger demonstration materialized under Randolph ’s leadership in 1963 with the famed March on Washington. 10. Joe William Trotter Jr., “From a Raw Deal to a New Deal?” in A History of African Americans, from 1880, ed. Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). Notes 215 11. August Meier and Elliot Rudwick, CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942–1968 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973). 12. Sanders-Cassell, “Intelligent and Effective Direction,” 5. 13. Myrdal, An American Dilemma; Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day. 14. Sanders-Cassell, “Intelligent and Effective Direction,” 9. 15. Penny M. Von Eschen, Race Against Empire. Black Americans and Anticolonialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997). 16. Kelley and Lewis, eds., History of African Americans, 174. 17. Walter White, “Kinship of Colored Peoples: People, Politics, and Places,” Chicago Defender, 3 March 1945; Walter White, A Rising Wind (Westport, Conn.: Negro Universities Press, 1971), 144. For a full discussion of the impact of World War II on African American politics, see Von Eschen, Race Against Empire. 18. Myrdal, An American Dilemma, 409. 19. Egerton, Speak Now Against the Day; Kelley and Lewis, eds., History of African Americans. 20. Myrdal, An American Dilemma, 770. 21. Ibid., 770. 22. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folks (New York: Penguin Classics , 1996). 23. Ibid., 3. Chapter 1. Black Colleges and the Origins of the UNCF 1. Steven Hahn, A Nation Under Their Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005). 2. According to Heather A. Williams’s Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), the following states “prohibited teaching enslaved and/or free black people”: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri , North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia (p. 216). Williams was not able to find such statutes in Kentucky, Maryland, Arkansas, Texas, Florida, Delaware, and Tennessee. For additional information, please see Williams’s chapter 1, “In Secret Places. Acquiring Literacy in Slave Communities .” 3. Ronald Butchart, Northern Schools, Southern Blacks and Reconstruction : Freedmen’s Education, 1862–1975 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980). Notes to Pages 5–11 216 4. Frederick Rudolph, The American College and University: A History (1962; reprint, with an introductory essay and supplementary bibliography by John R. Thelin, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990). 5. James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). 6. Ibid. 7. Ralph Christy and Ralph Williamson, A Century of Service: Land Grant Colleges and Universities, 1890–1990 (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1992); Chris Johnston, “The 1890 Morrill Land-Grant College Act and the African-American Civil Rights Movement,” http://www.tandl.vt .edu/socialstudies/hicks/cjohnsto/1890.htm. 8. Anderson, Education of Blacks; William Watkins, White Architects of Black Education: Power and Ideology in America, 1865–1954 (New York: Teachers College Press, 2001). 9. The General Education Board gave a total of $325 million to education ; $63 million went to blacks. 10. Anderson, Education of Blacks; Watkins, White Architects; David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868–1919 (New York: Henry Holt, 1994). 11. Robert Engs, Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited: Samuel Chapman Armstrong and Hampton Institute (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999). 12. It should be noted that the industrial philanthropists were not entirely opposed to the...