Alcoholism in America: From Reconstruction to Prohibition

Notes

Notes Preface 1. Sarah Whitney Tracy, “The Foxborough Experiment: Medicalizing Inebriety at the Massachusetts Hospital for Dipsomaniacs and Inebriates, 1833–1919” (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1992). 2. For a historical discussion of the incomplete medicalization of and ongoing debate over alcoholism and several other behavioral disorders, see Charles Rosenberg, “Contested Boundaries: Disease, Deviance, and Diagnosis,” unpublished manuscript. A useful multistage model for medicalization is that of sociologists Peter Conrad and Joseph Schneider, whose focus is on the medicalization of deviance from a historical perspective. They see these stages as: (1) the definition of certain behaviors as deviant; (2) the promotion of new medical diagnoses for these behaviors within specialized professional literature; (3) claims-making on the part of medical and nonmedical parties regarding the validity of the new medical framework for deviance; (4) the acquisition of medical turf via legislative and judicial bodies, essentially a successful appeal to state authority; and (5) The institutionalization of the new medical framework through codification and bureaucratization, that is, the acceptance of new laws as part of the legal canon and the creation of new organizations dedicated to furthering the medical approach (Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness [Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992], 266–71). On the problematic status of alcoholism’s medicalization in the twentieth century, see Ron Roizen, “How Does the Nation’s ‘Alcohol Problem ’ Change from Era to Era? Stalking the Social Logic of Problem-Definition Transformations since Repeal,” in Altering American Consciousness: The History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States, 1800–2000, ed. Sarah W. Tracy and Caroline Jean Acker (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004), 61–87; and Lynn M. Appleton , “Rethinking Medicalization: Alcoholism and Anomalies,” in Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems, 2nd ed., ed. Joel Best (New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 1995), 59–80. 3. For an examination of the centrality of diagnosis in modern medicine, see Charles Rosenberg, “The Tyranny of Diagnosis: Specific Entities and Individual Experience,” Milbank Quarterly 80, no. 2 (2002): 37–60. See also Caroline J. Acker, “Stigma or Legitimation ? A Historical Examination of the Social Potentials of Addiction Disease Models,” Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 25, no. 3 (July-September 1993): 193–205. 4. For a sampling of the rich literature on alcohol’s many cultural functions, especially in the United States, see Tracy and Acker, eds., Altering American Consciousness; Jack S. Blocker Jr., David M. Fahey, and Ian Tyrell, eds., Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia, 2 vols. (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO, 2003); Elaine Frantz Parsons, Manhood Lost: Fallen Drunkards and Redeeming Women in the Nineteenth -Century United States (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003); Lori Rotskoff , Love on the Rocks: Men, Women, and Alcohol in Post-World War II America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); David T. Courtwright, Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001); Richard Stivers, Hair of the Dog: Irish Drinking and Its American Stereotype, new rev. ed. (New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000); Andrew Barr, Drink: A Social History of America (New York: Carroll and Graf, 1999); Madelon Powers, Faces Along the Bar: Lore and Order in the Workingman’s Saloon, 1870–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); Mariana Valverde, Diseases of the Will: Alcohol and the Dilemmas of Freedom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Catherine Gilbert Murdock, Domesticating Drink: Women, Men, and Alcohol in America, 1870–1940 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Wolfgang Schivelbusch, Tastes of Paradise: A Social History of Spices, Stimulants, and Intoxicants (New York: Vintage, 1993); Susanna Barrows and Robin Room, eds., Drinking: Behavior and Belief in Modern History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Mary Douglas, ed., Constructive Drinking: Perspectives on Drink from Anthropology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Joseph Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1963). 5. “Section on Public Hygiene and State Medicine,” Minutes of the Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, Held in the City of Philadelphia, June 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th, 1876, 27, 324. 6. Charles A. Rosenwasser, “A Plea for the Establishment of Hospitals for the Rational Treatment of Inebriates,” Medical Record, 8 May 1909, 795. 7. Herbert Fingarette, Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), esp. 48–69. 8. Jellinek was aware of the shortcomings of his multistage model of alcoholism, but others were...