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Index
A-B-C method, 25
A-I system, 70–74, 77–79, 84, 87, 97, 107
acoustic altimeters, 63
acoustic height finders, 62
Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (ARINC), 84, 86, 173
Aeronautics Branch (Department of Commerce): function of, 57–58
radio blind flying and, 63–64, 66, 68, 69
Air Commerce Act, 8
Air Coordinating Committee (ACC), 159, 164, 173
The Air Line Pilot, 157
Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA), 74, 85–86, 138, 139, 141, 152, 157–160, 170, 180
Air Mail Act of 1925, 31
Air Mail Service (U.S. Post Office), 1–2
Air Navigation Development Board, 173, 175
Air Policy Commission, 173
Air-Track Corporation, 67, 75, 105
Air-Track system (Washington Institute of Technology), 67–68, 82
Air Traffic Control Division (Civil Aeronautics Authority), 144, 149, 166
air traffic control radar, 165–167, 172
air traffic system, 10
Air Transport, 157
Air Transport Association (ATA), 94, 139, 145, 147, 152, 157–160, 167, 170, 173–174
Air University, 141
aircraft control, 12–13
aircraft design: airfield considerations and, 35, 37–39
glide path length and, 97
Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA), 138–141, 145, 155–159, 172, 179–180
Aircraft Production Board, 138
Aircraft Radio Laboratory, 68, 83, 87, 91, 96, 100
airfields: approach procedures for, 109, 110
drainage systems for, 42–44
historical background of, 36–40
leader cable system and, 45–55
overview of, 35–36
airlines: accident rate among, 151–152
early training programs by, 27–28
negotiations between CAA, Army Air Corps and, 180–181
airmail crisis of 1934, 13, 67, 71
airmail service: economics of, 18
historical background of, 1–2, 16–19
weather-related accidents in, 19–20
airport surveillance radars (ASR), 172, 174
airports: construction of, 42–45
design of, 39
location of, 39–40
Aitken, Hugh, 117
Alcock, John, 16
Alexanderson, E. F. W., 62, 63
All Weather Flying Program (Army Air Forces), 168
all-weather landing system (AWLS), 184
Alvarez, Luis: background of, 29, 123, 125–126
blind landing research and, 126–132, 135, 145
Collier Trophy and, 137
search radar and, 165
American Air Line, 31
American Airlines, 84
American Loth Company, 47, 50–52
Amtorg Trading Company, 33
AN/MPN-I, 137, 144, 147, 148, 153, 166, 167, 175
AOPA Pilot, 137, 139, 148, 155, 160
Army Air Corps: academic organizations and, 182
instrument training by, 29
landing system requirements and, 73–74
mail flights by, 32–33
microwave research and, 81, 86, 93, 103
negotiations between CAA, airlines and, 180–181
radio direction finders and, 70, 80
Army Air Forces (AAF): air traffic control radar and, 165–167
automatic GCA and, 158
contacts between Royal Air Force and, 106
glide path projects of, 104, 107
ILS/GCA controversy and, 141, 142, 153, 159–162, 171
Instrument Instructor School, 144
landing aids decisions of, 137
landing training and, 114
policies of, 183
SCS-51 and, 110–115
VHF glide path and, 122
Army Air Service: airfield design and, 36
early airmail flights by, 2, 16–17
turn indicator and, 15
Army Signal Corps: blind landing research and, 77, 82, 99
World War II developments and, 107, 113, 118
x-rays and, 2
Arnold, Henry “Hap,” 8, 80–81, 92, 93, 99–102, 106, 118, 122, 130, 183
Arnold, Milton, 145, 148, 152, 159, 167
automatic direction finders, 70
aviation: academic organizations and, 182
access to skies and, 138
environmental issues related to, 6–8, 55
interest groups related to, 180
links between commercial and military, 182
notion of progress in, 6–8
religious symbolism and, 6–7
Aviation News, 137, 139, 143, 145, 151–153, 160
aviation technology: pre-World War I, 13
World War II, 10, 11, 75, 104, 105, 107, 113, 114, 118, 120, 122. See also specific types of technology
Balogh, Brian, 180
banking, 14–15
barometric altimeters, 62
Barrow, Wilmer L., 89
Bassett, Preston, 87
Behncke, David, 139, 152, 157–158, 160
Bender, Luis, 91
Bendix Aviation, 74
Bendix Radio, 75–77, 84, 86, 105, 131, 133
Berlin airlift of 1948, 177–178
Black, Hugo, 32
Black Friday, 177–178
blind approach beacon system (BABS), 126
blind flight trainer: Boeing School of Aeronautics, 24
blind flying: on airmail routes, 16, 32–33
Army Air Corps and, 32–33
instrument dependence and, 33–34
interwar-period research on, 16–17
Ocker-Meyer method of, 21–22
radio, 59–79
use of term, 4
blind landing: altitude and, 12
evolution of concept of, 184–185
failure of, 186
government organizations involved in research on, 57–58
requirements for, 34
use of term, 4
varying aspects of, 12
World War II and, 165
blind landing systems: based on three beams of energy, 89
Bureau of Air Commerce and, 82
components of, 123
failure of quest for, 9–10
historical background of, 1–3, 5, 23
ILS/GCA controversy and, 138–162, 171
leader cable system and, 45–55
microwavebased, 89–103
profit motive for, 4–5
progress motive for, 6–9
recommendations for, 117–118
Boeing, William, 7
Boeing Aircraft Company, 7
The Boeing Company, 7
bombers: blind flying and, 75, 90
GCA and, 135
Boonstra, Henry, 19
Borum, F. S., 82–83
Bowles, Edward, 89–91, 95–97, 100, 104, 107, 115, 122, 182
Brockett, Paul, 93
Brown, Walter Folger, 31
Brown, William G., 23
Buck, J. S., 118
Buckley, Oliver, 93
Burden, William, 152
Bureau of Air Commerce: air traffic control system and, 136
blind landing development and, 29, 67, 70, 71, 74, 76
commercial airlines and, 181
Radio Technical Committee on Aeronautics and, 81–83, 86
Bureau of Lighthouses, 57–58
Bush, Vannevar, 93–101, 107, 117, 124–125, 127
CAA. See Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA)
California Institute of Technology (CalTech), 23
center-line lighting, 170–171
Chaplin, Sidney, 29
Charlton, John, 19
Chicago Tribune, 152
Christensen, J. Titus, 19
Churchill, Winston, 122
Civil Aeronautics Act, 151
Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA): Air Traffic Control Division, 166
air traffic control radar and, 166–167
airways use statistics of, 154–156
Congress and, 146, 148, 150–152, 155–156, 160, 163
demise of, 176
GCA system and, 144–150
ILS and, 10, 137–139, 141, 142, 154, 158, 160–162
Interagency Air Traffic Control Board, 153
landing aids and, 170–172
microwave research and, 80, 81, 83, 84, 88, 94, 98, 101–103, 106
negotiations between airlines, Army Air Corps and, 180, 181
policy standardization and, 142, 143
radar issues and, 137, 145, 146, 148–151, 175–176
Civil Aeronautics Board, 163, 172
clouds, spins in, 19–20
Colonial Air Transport, 31
Columbus, Ohio, 42
Colvin, Charles H., 15
Committee on Instrument Landing Devices (Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics), 86
compass: gyroscopic, 22
compass locators, 71, 107, 112, 182
Comstock, George, 125, 127, 132, 135, 165
Congress, U.S.: aviation policy and, 159–163, 170
Civil Aeronautics Authority and, 146, 148, 150–152, 155–156, 160, 163
ILS/GCA controversy and, 141, 158
landing aids controversy and, 171–174
1946 elections and, 146, 148, 150–152
Congressional Air Policy Committee, 173
constant-intensity glide path, 64, 65
contact flying: explanation of, 13–14
instrument flying vs., 28
continuous wave system, 104–107, 117–119
Craig, P. H., 69
Cronon, William, 9
cross-pointer indicator, 63, 65, 98
Cutrell, Ernest A., 27, 67, 71, 86–87
Delco Electronics, 118
Department of Commerce: Aeronautics Branch, 57, 58, 63–64, 66
design lock-in, 131
Diamond, Harry, 59, 63, 74, 89, 161
Dingley, Edward, 52–54
disorientation: demonstration of, 28
spins resulting from, 19–20
distance measuring equipment (DME), 120
Doolittle, James “Jimmy,” 23, 60–62, 67, 183
Doty, Lyman, 19
drainage systems, airfield, 42–44
Duckworth, J. B., 141
Duncan, C. E., 99
Dunmore, Francis, 63, 74, 89, 161
Durand, W. F., 93
DVL, 76
Eagle blind bombing radar, 131
Eastern Air Transport, 25, 31, 67, 71
Eastman, Clyde, 99
Eclipse Aviation, 74
Eighth Air Force, 112–113, 165, 182–183
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 175
Ellsworth, M. Harris, 152, 158–159, 178
equal signal transmitter, 59
Erlanger, Joseph, 93
Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA), 180
Farley, James, 32
Federal Aviation Act of 1958, 181
Federal Aviation Administration: function of, 179, 180
outlook for, 181
Federal Aviation Agency, 176. See also Federal Aviation Administration
Federal Communications Commission, 81, 86, 173
Feminist historiography, 178–179
flight instruments: artificial horizon and, 21–25, 27
dependency on, 25
developments in, 13–33
placement of, 27
training programs in, 25, 27–28
during World War I, 13–14. See also specific instruments
flight integrator, 22
flight into terrain, 19
fog landings. See blind landing; blind landing systems
Ford, Henry, 7
Forest, Lee De, 52
Foulois, Benjamin, 32, 33, 36, 40, 71
France: blind landing technology in, 3
leader cables and, 45–47
Frye, Jack, 145
GCA. See ground-controlled approach (GCA) system
Georgia School of Technology, 23
Gerdon, H. P., 69
Germany: blind bombing and, 75
blind landing technology in, 3, 22, 49
radio blind landings and, 76–77
Gherardi, Bancroft, 93
Gilbert, Glen, 144–145, 149, 155, 166
Gilfillan Brothers, 128, 129, 131–133, 143, 146, 147, 149–150, 158, 166
glide path: Army and, 104–105
CAA, 108
Indianapolis system and, 88, 101
pilot training and, 83
using horizontal polarization, 75
Goldsborough, Paul, 84
Gorrell, Edgar S., 94
Griffin, Bruce, 125
Griggs, David, 127
ground-based flight training, 29–31
ground-controlled approach (GCA) system: automatic, 158
controversy between ILS and, 138–163, 171, 174
costs of using, 138, 139, 161–162
development and testing of, 127–133
function of, 133–134
instrument approaches under, 145
integration of ILS and, 163, 164
politics and, 150–162
precision radars and, 168–169
safety issues and, 156, 157, 177, 178
as traffic control aid, 157–158
ground proximeter, 48
Guerlac, Henry, 118
Guggenheim, Daniel, 22–23
Guggenheim, Harry, 23, 61, 186
Guggenheim Foundation for the Promotion of Aeronautics, 3, 23, 182
Gunn, Dano, 93
gyrocompass, 27
gyroscope, 15
gyroscopic compass, 22
Hadfield, A. H., 145
Hansen, James, 3
Hanson, Earl C., 52–54
Hartranft, J. B., Jr., 139, 155, 156, 179
Hegenberger, Albert F., 70, 71
Hegenberger system, 70, 72–73, 80, 96, 100, 101, 112, 160
Heilbron, John, 125
Henderson, Lawrence Joseph, 93
Henderson, Paul, 18–19
Hinshaw, Carl, 152
Holloman, George V., 82–83
Hoover, Herbert, 7, 51, 57, 59
Hunsaker, Jerome, 93
ILS. See instrument landing system (ILS)
Indianapolis system, 87–88, 95–97, 101–106, 115
instrument flying, 28
Instrument Instructor School (Army Air Forces), 144
instrument landing system (ILS): Air Coordinating Committee and, 159
Army Air Forces use of, 137
CAA and, 10, 137–139, 141, 142, 154, 158, 160–162
controversy between GCA and, 138–163, 171, 174
integration of GCA and, 163, 164
Korean flight crash and, 177
politics and, 152–162
instrument landing training, during World War II, 114
Interagency Air Traffic Control Board (IATCB) (Civil Aeronautics Authority), 142, 153
International Telephone and Radio Manufacturing Company (ITRM), 108, 109, 118
International Telephone and Telegraph (IT&T), 82, 86
International Telephone Development Corporation (ITD), 86, 92, 104, 105, 108
Johnson, James, 145–146
Johnston, Lawrence, 125, 126, 129, 131
Jones-Barany chair, 20, 21, 28
Kettering, Charles, 16–18
King, Ernest J., 75
Komons, Nick, 158
Korean War, 175
Kreusi, Geo¤rey, 70
Kroger, William, 139, 143, 145, 150, 153
Lamborn, Charles, 19
Land, Emory S., 145
Landing Aids Experiment Station (LAES), 168–171
landing beams, 63–64
landing fields. See airfields Landis, John, 162, 172
L’Armee de l’Air (France), 15
Lawrence, Ernest, 125
Lawrence, T. E., 6
leader cable system: Dingley, 53, 54
Hanson, 52–54
leader cable system: applications for, 49, 51
background of, 45–47
variations of, 51–55
Leary, William, 81
lighting: approach and landing, 169, 170
centerline, 170–171
slope-line, 170
Lindbergh, Charles, 1, 4, 13, 21
Link, Edwin A., Jr., 29–33
Loomis, Alfred, 117, 124, 125, 127, 128
Loran system, 120
Lorenz, Carl, 77
Lorenz system: development, 76–78, 83, 84
production of, 106
Loth leader cable system, 45, 47, 48, 50. See also leader cable system
Lucas, Keith, 14
magnetron: development of, 117, 122
resonant cavity, 124
Mark I GCA, 128–133
Mark II GCA, 129–132
Mason, Max, 93
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 3, 23, 115
Lincoln Laboratory and, 182
microwave technology and, 80, 86, 89, 91, 92, 94
Radiation Laboratory, 104, 105, 117–119, 122–125, 135, 165
Mauborgne, John O., 83, 84, 91, 99
McAlpine, Major, 47
McClelland, Harold, 130, 143, 152, 159, 167
McDougall, Walter, 175
mental hazard, 69
microwave research: Army support for, 115
early events in, 89–92
magnetron and, 117
National Academy of Sciences and, 92–102
outlook for, 122
Miller, Wendell, 42
Mitchell, Hugh, 87, 88, 91, 95
Moseley, Francis L., 113
multipath effects, 78
Murray, Charles V., 137
National Academy of Sciences (NAS): blind landing programs and, 81
RTCA system and, 92–102
National Air Traffic Controller’s Organization (NATCO), 180
National Air Transport, 31
National Bureau of Standards (NBS): blind landing research and, 51, 57, 67–69, 103
establishment of, 57
goal of, 3
radio research and, 2, 23, 56, 57–79
National Business Aircraft Association, 180
National Defense Research Committee (Office of Scientific Research and Development), 124
National Research Council, 93
National Transportation Safety Board, 177
Naval Air Transport Service (NATS), 152, 153
Navy, U.S.: blind landing research by, 3
GCA and, 137, 139, 141, 142, 152–153
NBS landing system and, 67–69
NBS. See National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
New York Herald Tribune, 152
Night Flight (Saint-Exupéry), 1, 4
Northwest Air Lines, 31
Ocker, William C., 13, 20–22, 28
Ocker-Meyer method, 21–23
Office of Naval Aeronautics (U.S. Navy), 22
Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 67
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), National Defense Research Committee, 124
1-2-3 method (Stark), 25, 26, 28
Pan American Airlines, 28, 145
pilot training. See training programs
Pioneer Instrument Company, 15
Pioneer Instruments, 30
plan position indicator (PPI) displays, 131
Popular Science, 145
Post Office, U.S.: air routes of, 31, 40
early air mail service of, 1–2, 4, 5, 16–19
lighted airfields and, 51
precision approach radars (PARS), 172
Presidential Special Board of Inquiry on Air Safety, 163
Project Baker, 68
Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization (PICAO), function of, 119–122, 174
pulsed glide path (PGP): development of, 104, 117, 127
reasons for nonproduction of, 118–119
Rabi, I. I., 125
radar: air safety and, 151
air traffic control, 165–167
airport surveillance, 172
Civil Aeronautics Authority and, 137, 145–146, 148–151, 175–176
eagle blind bombing, 131
networking automatic long- and short-range, 174
precision approach, 172
Radiation Laboratory (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 117–119, 122–125, 135, 165
radio blind flying: A-I system and, 70–74, 78, 79, 97
commercial airlines and, 73–75
experimental developments in, 66–73
landing beams and, 63–64, 66, 71
Lorenz system and, 76–78
organizations involved in, 57–58
radio navigation beacons and, 59–62
stability issues and, 58, 69–70, 78, 79
United Air Lines and, 74–76
Radio Technical Commission on Aeronautics (RTCA): blind landing research and, 107, 160
International Telephone Development Corporation’s system and, 86
legal authority issues and, 81–82
recommendations of, 174–175
standards system and, 83–89
railroads, 14
recurrent training, 28
religious symbolism, 6–7
Rentzel, Delos, 173–174
resonant cavity magnetron, 124
Rickenbacker, Eddie, 7, 182, 183
Rivers, L. Mendel, 151
Robertson Aircraft Corporation, 31
Rochester, New York, 42–43
Rockefeller, William A., 7
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 84
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 31–33, 81, 93, 98–100, 102, 104, 120, 183
Royal Aeronautical Society, 138
Royal Air Force (RAF): blind landing technologies and, 2, 106, 112
World War II and, 113, 127, 164
Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), 47–49
Royal Aircraft Factory, 14, 15
Royal Navy, 45–46
RTCA. See Radio Technical Committee on Aeronautics (RTCA)
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de, 1, 4
Sanders Teacher, 29
SBA. See standard beam approach (SBA) system
SC-31, 175
Schaefer, E. B., 27
Schatzberg, Eric, 8–9
SCR-584, 126
SCS-51: data on, 118, 154, 155
instrument approaches under, 145
use of, 119, 121–122, 137, 144, 175. See also very high frequency (VHF) glide path
Seidel, Robert, 125
Shangraw, C. C., 73
Sherlock, Harry, 19
slope-line lighting, 170
Société Industrielle des Procédés Loth, 47
Specifications for Municipal Landing Fields (Army Air Service), 36
Sperry, Elmer, Jr., 23
Sperry artificial horizon, 23, 24
Sperry Gyroscope Company, 15, 80, 86, 91, 92, 96, 99, 100, 104, 105, 115, 118–119
Sperry Gyroscope microwave glide path transmitter, 116–117
spins: causes of, 19–20
research on, 20–21
Spoils Conference (1930), 31
Sproul, Clarence B., 142, 152–155, 158
St. Paul, Minnesota, 43
standard beam approach (SBA) system: explanation of, 106, 112, 114
performance of, 127
Standley, William H., 75
Stanford University, 3, 23, 80, 90–92
Stanton, Charles: CAA policy and, 94, 95
landing aids decisions and, 120
Stark, Howard, 25–28
Stern, Ben, 144
Stevenson, Charles, 45
Stoner, Clayton, 19
Subcommittee on Instrument Landing Devices (Radio Technical Committee on Aeronautics), 82
Tasker, Homer, 128, 131, 132, 143
Telfunken, 76
training programs: curved glide path and, 83
ground-based, 29–31
recurrent, 28
in Stark’s rule-based flying, 27–28
during World War II, 114
Transcontinental Air Transport, 66
Transcontinental and Western Air (TWA), 31, 145
turn-and-bank indicator, 26
turn indicator, 15–16, 17f, 25–27
Twelve O’Clock High, 182–183
Tymms, F., 49
UHF frequencies, 85
UHF localizers, 67, 75, 78, 96
UHF/microwave hybrid, 96
United Air Lines: blind landing developments and, 7, 28, 31, 32
radio blind landing systems and, 74–76
view of blind landings, 96
United-Bendix system, 75–78, 82
University of Michigan, 23
University of Washington, 23
U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USSTAF), 113, 114
U.S. Military Air Transport Service, 121
Varney Air Lines, 31
Verne, Jules, 8
very high frequency (VHF) glide path, 104–105, 115. See also SCS-51
visibility, 12
visual omni-range (VOR) system, 120
Warner, Edward P., 121
Washington Institute of Technology, 67, 82, 86
Watson, Edwin, 98–102
Watson-Watt, Robert, 120
weather: accidents related to, 19–20
forced landings caused by, 1–2
research on, 183
Webster, William, 90
Western Air Express, 31
Western Electric, 23
Westover, Oscar, 93
Whitney, Cornelius Vanderbilt, 7
Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 91
Willis, Hugh, 91
Winner, Langdon, 178
Wohl, Robert, 6
Wolverton, Charles, 152
Woodring, Harry, 98–100
World War I: airfields during, 35, 36, 40
blind landing technology during, 45, 182
pilot training during, 30
World War II: blind bombing in, 75, 164
blind landing technologies during, 10, 11, 107–119
defense procurement during, 151
glide path projects and, 104, 105, 107
visual omnirange and, 120
Wright, Theodore P., 138, 145, 148–150, 152, 153, 156, 157, 161, 166, 172
XT-I, 126, 127, 133. See also SCR-584
Yount, Brigadier General, 102
Zeppelin acoustic height finder, 62, 63
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