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a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s Beyond having a substantial impact on my clinical practice and thinking, researching and writing the history of medicine is simply fun (to echo Sherwin Nuland ). Being able to thank those who have made this possible is perhaps even more fun. I have been fortunate to have had mentors who have challenged me at the same time that they permitted me the freedom to dive in and challenge myself. Fred Tauber first supported my over-enthusiastic tendencies with respect to the history of science and medicine and continues to see through the trees and enable me to focus on the most pertinent questions at hand. Allan Brandt has shown me how to approach medicine as inherently social and has served as a role model as both teacher and historian. Two colleagues in particular—Jeremy Greene and David Jones—not only further taught me how to teach, but provided crucial feedback on the project throughout its development. In addition to my mentors and colleagues named above, Stephen Kandel, Calvin Kunin, Jennifer Rochow, and Peter Tishler worked their way through the entire manuscript, o¤ering both insights and corrections. Jack Lesch and Nick Rasmussen generously read and commented on particular chapters. Wolfram Goessling provided expert assistance with the nineteenthcentury German literature. Harry Marks provided the opportunity to present my work at Johns Hopkins, and I am grateful for the feedback provided by him and Ed Mormon, in particular. I have always thought of this manuscript as continuing a dialogue started by two Harry’s—Dowling and Marks—and inspired by their e¤orts and aided by their leads, I can only hope to have approached the rigor of their own work. One of the great joys I have been exposed to has been that of the translocative experience of intense archival research. I am particularly grateful to the sta¤s of the Countway Medical Library here at Harvard (and its Center for the History of Medicine), the American Philosophical Society, the Rockefeller Archive Center, and the University of Pittsburgh for their facilitation of such an experience. The Countway ’s extensive open stack holdings merit special mention in their own right; there is no way this project could have developed as it did without the serendipity and ease of broad research thus a¤orded, and the faintly musty smell of “L2” will always trigger the expectant thrill of encountering something new and exciting. There is also no way this project could have developed without generous financial support. Marshall Wolf, Jane Sillman, and the Brigham and Women’s Hospital Internal Medicine Residency Program provided me with the critical first six months of support to get things o¤ the ground. Ever since my post-residency arrival at Massachusetts General Hospital, Michael Barry has generously supported my activities and interests, both through the Division of General Medicine and, along with John Goodson and Susan Edgman-Levitan, through MGH’s John D. Stoeckle Center for Primary Care Innovation. The National Library of Medicine provided a publications grant [1 G13 LM 07271-01], which was crucial to supporting the time and archival investigations necessary for the manuscript’s completion. Both formally and informally, my medical colleagues (physicians, nurses, and sta¤) at the Massachusetts General Medical Group—led by Steve Levisohn— have supported these e¤orts over the course of five years, and I am grateful for their encouragement and enthusiasm. I am equally grateful to my patients, who not only directly and continually inquired about “the book,” but who, of course, further inspired much of my thinking itself. Jacqueline Wehmueller, at the Johns Hopkins University Press, has provided wise and measured guidance and greatly enhanced the final manuscript. I am likewise grateful to the anonymous reviewer for insightful comments and criticisms , to copyeditor Elizabeth Yoder, and to production editor Carol Zimmerman. Of course, any errors that remain are mine alone. Last but not least, I could not have written this book without the support of my family. The Fink/MacWright clan (led by my irrepressible grandparents, Roz and Leon), Lois and Jimmy McGuire, Alison and Alan Doe, Je¤ Shapiro, Michele and Howard Miron, and Mark Saadeh have been a constant source of encouragement. Lorna and Jack Podolsky’s impact on my efforts continues to this day. Judy and Don Shapiro, in addition to providing provocative title suggestions, have provided limitless enthusiasm throughout; I only wish Don could have seen the final product . My parents...

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