The Great Stink of Paris and the Nineteenth-Century Struggle against Filth and Germs

Notes

Notes abbreviations ACL: Archives communales de Lille ADC: Archives départementales de la Charente ADCdO: Archives départementales de la Côte-d’Or ADEL: Archives départementales de l’Eure-et-Loir ADH: Archives départementales de l’Hérault ADIV: Archives départementales de l’Ille-et-Vilaine ADLA: Archives départementales de la Loire-Atlantique ADM: Archives départementales de la Mayenne ADN: Archives départementales du Nord ADR: Archives départementales du Rhône ADS: Archives départementales de la Somme ADSM: Archives départementales de la Seine-Maritime (formerly Seine-Inférieure) ADV: Archives départementales de la Vienne AHPML: Annales d’hygiène publique et de médecine légale AMB: Archives municipales de Bordeaux AMH (F.C.): Archives municipales du Havre, Fonds contemporain AML: Archives municipales de Lille AMLy: Archives municipales de Lyon AMM: Archives municipales de Montpellier AN: Archives nationales AP: Archives de Paris APP: Archives de la Préfecture de Police, Paris BAM: Bulletin de l’Académie nationale de médecine BHM: Bulletin of the History of Medicine CAP, RA: Commission de l’assainissement de Paris instituée . . . en vue d’étudier les causes de l’infection signalée dans le département de la Seine ainsi que les moyens d’y rémédier, Rapports et avis de la Commission, 94–96, in APP, DB1 : 434. CGS: Conseil général de la Seine: Procès-verbaux CHPS: Conseil d’hygiène publique et de salubrité du Département de la Seine CMPP: Conseil municipal de Paris: Procès-verbaux CMPR: Conseil municipal de Paris: Rapports et documents CRAS: Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences JHMAS: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences RGE: Commission des épidémies, Académie nationale de médecine, Rapport gén éral à M. le Ministre de l’Intérieur sur les épidémies qui ont régné en France pendant l’année . . . RHMC: Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine RHPS: Revue d’hygiène et de police sanitaire introduction 1. “Sur la longue durée de la vie des germes charbonneux et sur leur conservation dans les terres cultivées,” CRAS 92 (1881): 209–11 (session of January 31, 1881); CAP, RA, 94–96. 2. “Pasteur at Notre Dame: Obsequies of the Man of Science Attended by National Homage,” New York Times, October 6, 1895; Patrice Debré, Louis Pasteur, trans. Elborg Forster (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 495–96. 3. Ann F. La Berge, “Edwin Chadwick and the French Connection,” BHM 62 (1988): 23–41. Christopher Lawrence and Richard Dixey, “Practising on Principle: Joseph Lister and the Germ Theory of Disease,” in Christopher Lawrence, ed., Medical Theory, Surgical Practice: Studies in the History of Surgery (London: Routledge, 1992), 153–215. 4. Michael Worboys, Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practice in Britain , 1865–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Anne Hardy, “On the Cusp: Epidemiology and Bacteriology at the Local Government Board, 1890– 1905,” Medical History 42 (1998): 328–46; Nancy J. Tomes and John Harley Warner, eds., Rethinking the Reception of the Germ Theory of Disease: Comparative Perspectives, a special issue of the Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (vol. 51, no. 1, January 1997); Nancy Tomes, The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998); Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 158–88; and Elizabeth A. Hachten, “Science in the Service of Society: Bacteriology, Medicine, and Hygiene in Russia, 1855–1907” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1991). 5. On French regional variation in general, see Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976) and Fernand Braudel, The Identity of France, trans. Siân Reynolds (London: Collins, 1988). An exemplary approach to accounting for regional di=erences while studying a national phenomenon on the local level can be seen in Michael Burns, Rural Society and French Politics: Boulangism and the Dreyfus A=air, 1886–1900 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984). 6. Among the many historical studies of what has been called the “social construction ” of medicine, some of the most noteworthy and influential titles include Peter Wright and Andrew Treacher, eds., The Problem of Medical Knowledge: Examining the Social Construction of Medicine (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1982); Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds., Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural...