Diagnosing Literary Genius: A Cultural History of Psychiatry in Russia, 1880-1930

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n o t e s Abbreviations ARAN Arkhiv Rossiiskoi akademii nauk (Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences) Arkhiv psikhiatrii Arkhiv psikhiatrii, neirologii i sudebnoi psikhologii GARF Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (State Archive of the Russian Federation) Klinicheskii arkhiv Klinicheskii arkhiv genial’nosti i odarennosti . . . (see Chapter 5, n. 91) Obozrenie psikhiatrii Obozrenie psikhiatrii, nevrologii i eksperimental’noi psikhologii TsGALI Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva (Central State Archive of Literature and Arts) TsGIAM Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv istorii i arkhitektury Moskvy (Central State Archive of the History and Architecture of Moscow) Vestnik klinicheskoi Vestnik klinicheskoi i sudebnoi psikhiatrii i nevropatologii Vestnik psikhologii Vestnik psikhologii, kriminal’noi antropologii i gipnotizma Voprosy filosofii Voprosy filosofii i psikhologii Zhurnal nevropatologii Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova Archival locations are denoted by f. ( fond, collection); op. (opis’, inventory); d. (delo, file); ed. khr. (edinitsa khraneniia, storage unit); and l., ll. (list, listy, folio, folios). Introduction Epigraphs: R.V. Ivanov-Razumnik, Istoriia russkoi obshchestvennoi mysli: Individualism i meshchanstvo v russkoi literature i zhizni XIX veka, 3d ed. (St. Petersburg: M. M. Stasiulevich , 1911), 13–14; and I. A. Sikorskii, Psikhologicheskoe napravlenie khudozhestvennogo tvorchestva Gogolia (Rech’ v pamiat’100-letnei godovshchiny Gogolia, [April 10, 1909]) (Kiev: Universitet Sv.Vladimira, 1911), 11. 1. Paul Julius Möbius, quoted in Francis Schiller, A Möbius Strip: Fin-de-siècle Neuropsychiatry and Paul Möbius (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1982), 80. 2. The genre of “pathography” became widespread at the turn of the century, but later was overshadowed by a similar genre,“psychobiography.”Though “pathog- raphy” is again in use, Möbius’s authorship is often forgotten and reference is made mainly to Freud. See, e.g., Anne Hawkins, “The Two Pathographies: A Study in Illness and Literature,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 9 (1984): 231–52. 3. For an example of a neurophysiological study, see Loraine K. Obler and Deborah Fein, eds., The Exceptional Brain: Neurophysiology of Talent and Special Abilities (New York: Guilford, 1989). Psychological studies usually locate creativity in cognitive processes; see, e.g., Albert Rothenberg, Creativity and Madness: New Findings and Old Stereotypes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1990). Some psychologists relate their work directly to Cesare Lombroso and Max Nordau. Colin Martindale, for instance, argues that the characteristics Lombroso attributed to diseased geniuses could be used to develop a psychology of creative processes. See Colin Martindale, “Degeneration, Disinhibition, and Genius,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 7 (1971): 177–82. For a recent attempt to redefine creativity in psychobiological terms, see Hans Eysenck, Genius:The Natural History of Creativity (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995). 4. Michael Neve,“Medicine and Literature,” in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, ed.W.F.Bynum and Roy Porter (London:Routledge,1993),2:1530. 5. Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1963); Jack P. Gibbs,Norms,Deviance,and Social Control (New York: Elsevier, 1981). 6. See, e.g., Peter Conrad and Joseph W. Schneider, Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness (St.Louis:C.V.Mosby,1980).The exploration of madness in terms of control and power was pioneered by such works as Michel Foucault, Madness and Civilization (New York: Random House, 1965); Erving Goffman, Asylums (New York: Anchor, 1961); David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); and Thomas S. Szasz, The Manufacture of Madness (New York: Harper & Row, 1970). 7. George Becker,The Mad Genius Controversy:A Study in the Sociology of Deviance (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1978), 48. 8. Ibid., 28. 9. Mark Micale observes a chronological connection between the emergence of pathographies in France and the medical legitimization of the concept of male hysteria . He also points out that pathography presaged psychobiography and the psychoanalytic criticism of art. See Mark S. Micale, Approaching Hysteria: Disease and Its Interpretations (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1995), 245. 10. On the construction of deviant self-identity by modern American artists,see Ronald J. Silvers, “The Modern Artists’ Asociability: Constructing a Situated Moral Revolution,” in Deviance and Respectability:The Social Construction of Moral Meanings, ed. Jack D. Douglas (New York: Basic Books, 1970), 404–34. 11. George Becker, “The Mad Genius Controversy,” in Genius and Eminence:The Social Psychology of Creativity and ExceptionalAchievement, ed.Robert S.Albert (Oxford: 182 Notes to Pages 2–3 Pergamon,1983),38; R.S.Porter,A...