Discovering the Chesapeake: The History of an Ecosystem

Index

Index Addington site, 114 Addison, Joseph, 261 Africa, diseases from, 127, 128, 129–30 Africans, 139‒40, 142‒44, 243, 270‒74, 312. See also slave labor agrarian reform: and agricultural depression , 279‒81, 287, 288, 297n1; and crops, 296, 299n11, 310; and drainage, 292, 293, 295‒96, 297, 300n13; and environment, 279‒81, 291‒97; and landscape, 293‒94, 296‒97, 300n11, 367; and market economy, 279‒82; and productivity, 286‒87 agriculture, 220‒44; biological thought in, 305‒6; and birds, 326‒28, 331‒32, 341, 346, 360; and crop yields, 304‒5; and deforestation, xix, 13, 40, 41; and environment, xix, 60, 123, 195, 237, 241‒44, 363‒64, 365, 372; fallow field system in, 222, 235, 238‒40, 242, 280‒ 81, 294, 297, 311, 312, 363; and field abandonment, xix, 41, 73, 74, 123, 239, 312; and forests, 57, 177; hoe cultivation , xix, 123, 235, 238, 240, 282‒83, 290, 291, 294, 307; and market economy , 220, 241‒44, 279‒83, 366, 368; of Native Americans, 123, 250, 254, 266, 281; prehistoric, 100, 109, 115‒16, 119; runoff from, 65, 78, 81, 193; and SAV, 337; and settlement patterns, 220‒25, 244; slash-and-burn, xviii, xix, 119, 122‒23, 155, 173‒74, 235, 239, 326‒28; and waterfowl, 334; and wildlife, xxi, 101. See also agrarian reform; crops; fertilizers; gardens; plowing practices ; tobacco Agriculture, U.S. Department of, 315, 318‒19 Aikial Swamp (Md.), 111 algae, 45, 57, 58, 194, 212, 337 Algonquian tribe, 136, 137, 139 Allegheny Plateau, 7 Allied Signal, 10 American Agriculturist, 316 Amerindians, 98, 100 Anacostia River, 51‒53 Anburey, Thomas, 173, 174 Andrews, Jay, 214 animals: changes in, xxi, 81, 99, 100, 103‒4, 371; deer, 109, 111, 113, 114, 118‒ 21, 161‒62, 184, 237; disease in, 19, 101, 304‒6, 306, 314‒20, 316, 317, 318‒19; and European settlement, 101‒2, 160, 161; extinctions of, 86‒87, 98, 102, 103; extirpation of, xxi, 98‒99, 102; and forest patterns, 153‒54; fossil records of, 87, 88‒89, 94‒97; and human activity, 101; megafauna, 81, 87, 98, 99, 110‒11; and Native Americans , xix; non-native, xxi, xxii, 101, 103‒4, 372; prehistoric, 86‒100, 113‒14; range changes of, 84, 102; wild, 104, 153‒54, 160, 163, 184, 185, 237. See also birds; domestic livestock; fish Anne Arundel County (Md.), 225‒28, 231, 232, 233 Appalachian cycle, 5‒7, 10 Appalachian Mountains: coal in, 5, 11‒ 12, 15‒16, 33; forest patterns in, 151, 152; sediment deposition in, 4‒7; and timber market, 13 Appalachian Plateau, 5‒7, 42, 50, 51 Archaic period, 109, 110, 111‒13, 121 Arundel Formation, 11 Atlantic Ocean, 15, 16, 33‒34, 70 Atlas of the Breeding Birds of Maryland and the District of Columbia (Robbins ), 325 Audubon, John James, 334, 336 Bacon’s Castle (Surry County, Va.), 263, 264 Baird, Spencer, 205, 214 Baltimore (Md.): Fall Line site of, xxii, 7, 8; industry in, 10‒11, 210, 307, 312‒ 13, 368; and market economy, 366, 367; oyster shell foundation of, 75; as timber market, 157 Barrie, R., 212 Bartram, John, 172, 173, 176 Batiuk, Richard, 193, 215 Batts, Thomas, 174 Bayard, Ferdinand, 173, 175 Bay Commission, xxiii Baylis, John, 180 Baylis, William, 180 Beverly, Robert, 196, 204, 212 Bigger, William, 270 Biggs, Robert, 202‒3 Binford, Lewis, 120 birds, 322‒50; conservation programs for, 336, 345‒49; distribution of, 322‒ 25, 328‒29; extinctions of, xxi, 86, 98, 101, 323, 324, 333, 336, 347, 356, 360, 368; extirpation of, xxi, 101, 103, 323, 328, 329, 332‒33, 336; and forests, 322, 326‒34, 336, 340‒41, 344, 347‒48; future of, 344, 347‒48, 348; and habitat changes, 98, 328‒31, 368; history of, 81‒104, 323‒25, 326‒31; and human activity, 322, 328, 331‒33, 338‒39, 344‒ 45, 349, 371; and hunting, 335‒36; and land use changes, 232, 340‒41, 345‒ 46, 348; migratory, 87, 325‒26, 330, 333‒34, 337‒38, 344, 369‒70; nonnative , 322, 337‒40; passenger pigeon, 98, 153, 154, 323, 324, 329, 333, 335‒36, 347, 356, 360‒61, 368; in Pleistocene period, 86, 87, 88‒89, 90‒93; and pollution, 322, 341‒42, 344‒45, 347, 348; range changes of, 84, 100, 103, 346‒47; and SAV, 322, 329‒30; scienti fic names of, 349‒50; waterfowl, 118, 329‒31, 334‒38, 341‒43, 348, 368 Blanton, Wyndham, 141 Blue Ridge Province, 7 Bordley, John Beale, 287 Bordley, Stephen, 269...