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Notes Introduction 1. Ramesh Ponnuru, “He’ll Make a Mandate,” Washington Post, October 31, 2004; Jeffrey M. Jones, “Low Trust in Federal Government Rivals Watergate Levels,” Gallup News Service, September 26, 2007. http://www.gallup.com/poll/28795/low-trust-fed eral-government-rivals-watergate-era-levels.aspx. 2. Matthew Levendusky, The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 1–5. 3. Richard M. Skinner, “George W. Bush and the Partisan Presidency,” Political Science Quarterly 123, no. 4 (2009): 606–607. 4. See Shanto Iyengar and Kyu S. Hahn, “Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use,” Journal of Communication 59, no. 1 (2009): 19–39. 5. As scholars (including myself) have noted elsewhere, the dilemma between the president’s competing roles is structural and has been persistent over time, although its impact has been particularly profound during times of high polarization. Julia R. Azari, Lara M. Brown, and Zim G. Nwokora, The Presidential Leadership Dilemma: Between the Constitution and a Political Parity (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2013). 6. John H. Aldrich, Why Parties? The Origin and Transformation of Parties in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 10–11. 180 Notes to Pages 4–11 7. Paul R. Abramson, John H. Aldrich, and David W. Rohde, Change and Continuity in the 2004 Elections (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2006), 48. 8. Patricia Heidotting Conley, Presidential Mandates: How Elections Shape the National Agenda (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2001), 17. 9. Charles O. Jones, The Presidency in a Separated System (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2005), 185. 10. Lawrence Grossback, David A. M. Peterson, and James Stimson, Mandate Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 28. 11. Woodrow Wilson, who theorized extensively about the role of the popular mandate in presidential politics, never won a majority of the popular vote; see also, Terri Bimes and Quinn Mulroy, “The Rise and Decline of Presidential Populism,” Studies in American Political Development 18 (Fall 2004): 136–159. 12. Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make: Leadership from John Adams to Bill Clinton (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1997), 6. 13. William G. Howell, Power without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presidential Action (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 26–27. 14. David Zarefsky, “Presidential Rhetoric and the Power of Definition,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 34, no. 3 (2004): 607–619; Jeffrey K. Tulis, The Rhetorical Presidency (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988). 15. Conley, Presidential Mandates, 3; Jones, Presidency in a Separated System, 181; Richard J. Ellis and Stephen Kirk, “Presidential Mandates in the Nineteenth Century: Conceptual Change and Institutional Development,” Studies in American Political Development 9 (Spring 1995): 117–186. 16. Samuel Kernell, Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership (Washington , DC: CQ Press, 1997), 21; Brandice Canes-Wrone, Who Leads Whom? Presidents, Policy and the Public (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 22–23; see also, Brandon Rottinghaus, “Strategic Leaders: Identifying Successful Momentary Presidential Leadership of Public Opinion,” Political Communication 26, no. 3 (2009): 296–316. 17. Robert Dahl, “The Myth of the Presidential Mandate,” Political Science Quarterly 105, no. 3 (1990): 355–372; Kernell, Going Public. 18. Theodore J. Lowi, The Personal Presidency: Power Invested and Promise Unfulfilled (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985), 79. 19. Skowronek, Politics Presidents Make, 20. 20. U.S. Const. art. II, § 3. 21. Denise Bostdorff, The Presidency and the Rhetoric of Foreign Crisis (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 5–7. 22. Skowronek, Politics Presidents Make, 18. 23. Ibid., 248. 24. Victoria Farrar-Myers, Scripted for Change: The Institutionalization of the American Presidency (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), 15. 25. Adam D. Sheingate, “Political Entrepreneurship, Institutional Change, and American Political Development,” Studies in American Political Development 17, no. 2 (2003): 193. 26. Ellis and Kirk, “Presidential Mandates in the Nineteenth Century,” 119. 27. Daniel Walker Howe, What God Hath Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1814–1848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 367. Notes to Pages 11–19 181 28. Ellis and Kirk, “Presidential Mandates in the Nineteenth Century,” 180. 29. Ibid., 137. 30. Donald Cole, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 145. 31. Andrew Rudalevige, The New Imperial Presidency: Renewing Presidential Power after Watergate (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005), 102. 32. Marc Karnis Landy and Sidney M. Milkis, Presidential Greatness (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 38 33. Sidney Milkis, The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System since the...

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