The Fate of Freedom Elsewhere: Human Rights and U.S. Cold War Policy toward Argentina

Notes

197 Notes INTRODUCTION 1. For lack of a better alternative,“Americans”refers to people from the United States; “Latin Americans” to those living south of the U.S.-Mexico border. 2. The terms “global South” and “Third World” are used interchangeably to indicate political and economic underdevelopment rather than nonalignment. 3. Jimmy Carter, inaugural address, January 20, 1977, Jimmy Carter Library, http:// www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/speeches/inaugadd.phtml. 4. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (New York: Bantam Books, 1982), 143. 5. Luis Alberto Romero, A History of Argentina in the Twentieth Century (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), 144. 6.Similarly,Amnesty International placed the number of disappeared at twenty thousand in March 1977. DoS memo of conversation, November 21, 1977, subject: “Human Rights Situation in Argentina,” ADP. 7. Antonius C.G.M. Robben, Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 134. 8. Jacobo Timerman, Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a Number (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1981), 31. 9.“Nixon Urges U.S. to Alter Latin Policy,” WP, May 16, 1967, A12. 10. DoS memo of conversation, October 7, 1976, subject: “Secretary’s Meeting with Argentine Foreign Minister Guzzetti,” NSA, Electronic Briefing Book 104, Carlos Osorio, ed., posted December 4, 2003 at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB104/ index.htm 11. DoS memo, John Bushnell to Patricia Derian, June 13, 1978, subject:“Commentary on Cutler-Hammer Letter,” box 13, folder: Human Rights—Argentina III, Christopher Papers. 12. For a useful historiographical overview, see Kenneth Cmiel, “The Recent History of Human Rights,” American Historical Review 1, no. 1 (2004): 117–135. For more recent historical scholarship on human rights, see, for example, Roland Burke, Decolonization and the Evolution of International Human Rights, 1st ed.(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010); Rosemary Foote, “The Cold War and Human Rights,” in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, vol. 3, Endings, ed. Melvyn Leffler and Odd Arne Westad (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 445–465; Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, ed., Human Rights in the Twentieth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010); Akira Iriye, Petra Goedde, and William I. Hitchcock, eds., The Human Rights Revolution : An International History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012); Michael Cotey Morgan, “The Seventies and the Rebirth of Human Rights,” in The Shock of the Global: The 1970s in Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010): 237–250; Samuel Moyn, The Last Utopia: Human Rights in History (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010). For recent scholarship on human rights in U.S. foreign policy, see, for example, Elizabeth Borgwardt, A New Deal for the World: America’s Vision for Human Rights (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 198 NOTES TO PAGES 5–6 2005); Kenneth Cmiel, “The Emergence of Human Rights Politics in the United States,” Journal of American History 86, no. 3 (1999): 1231–1250; Barbara Keys, “Congress, Kissinger , and the Origins of Human Rights Diplomacy,” Diplomatic History 34, no. 5 (2010): 823–851; Kathryn Sikkink, Mixed Signals: U.S. Human Rights Policy and Latin America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004). On transnational human rights advocacy, see, for example, Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998); Naomi Roht-Arriaza, The Pinochet Effect: Transnational Justice in the Age of Human Rights (Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006); Sarah B. Snyder, Human Rights Activism and the End of the Cold War: A Transnational History of the Helsinki Network, 1st ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011). 13.On the 1970s,see,for example,Thomas Borstelmann,The 1970s: A New Global History from Civil Rights to Economic Inequality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011); Peter N. Carroll, It Seemed Like Nothing Happened: America in the 1970s (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000); Niall Ferguson et al., The Shock of the Global: The 1970s in Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010); Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society , and Politics (New York: Da Capo Press, 2002). On the concept of the “intermestic,” see Campbell Craig and Fredrik Logevall, America’s Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 10. 14. Cmiel,“Recent History of Human Rights,” 125–126. 15. For recent positive appraisals of Carter’s foreign policy, see, for example, Douglas Brinkley, “Bernath Lecture: The Rising Stock of Jimmy Carter: The ‘Hands On’ Legacy of...