A Europe Made of Money: The Emergence of the European Monetary System

Index

349 Index Aachen summit, 213, 215–218, 226, 228, 230, 234, 262 memorandum of understanding, 213, 217, 218, 229, 230, 242 academic economists, 7, 9, 62, 63, 94, 129, 141, 264, 269, 275 See also parallel currency ACP-EEC Lomé Convention and use of EUA, 49 Adenauer, Konrad, 239 agriculture Council, 256 Algemene Bank Nederland N.V., 35 All Saints’ Day Manifesto (The Economist, 1975), 87–89, 94, 275 Andreotti, Giulio, 141, 146, 149, 209 EMS negotiations and, 171, 188–190, 214, 246, 251–254, 256 EMU and, 150 role of European Council and, 161 Andriessen, Frans, 249, 250 Annales School, 5 Apel, Hans, 80, 81 Arab-Currency Related Unit (ARCRU), 259 Asian Monetary Unit (AMU), 259 Austria, snake and, 23, 54, 265 B-Unit, 35 Baffi, Paolo, 212, 232, 246, 247, 254, 256 Balassa, Bela, 309n166 See also Times Group Proposal Balfour, Michael, 62 Balfour, Richard, 101, 102 Banca d’Italia 1974 monetary discussions and, 36, 38, 39, 41 Duisenberg proposals and, 118 EMS negotiations and, 232, 237, 253, 254, 269 Jenkins 1978 proposals and, 149 parallel currency and, 141 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, 35 Bank for International Settlements (BIS), 7, 11, 19, 217, 257 Bank of England, 16, 22, 62, 115, 125, 215 composite currency discussions and, 35, 178, 185 note of (1976), 101, 114, 128 Sangster Scheme, 211, 212 Banque de Bruxelles, 35 Banque de France, 26–27, 36, 64, 79, 98, 105, 177, 264, 266, 281, 282 divergence indicator and, 80, 234 Duisenberg proposals and, 102 EMS negotiations and, 121, 204, 207, 208, 213, 216, 218, 225 Fourcade memorandum and, 42 return of the French franc in the snake and, 54, 149, 168 Banque nationale de Belgique, 174, 211, 212, 234 exchange rate system based on EUA and, 43 parallelism and, 46 Banque nationale de Paris, 35 Baquiast, Henri, 194 Barclays Bank International Ltd., 35 Barre, Raymond, 8, 10, 20, 120, 129, 141, 142, 144, 146, 172, 240, 264, 266, 276 anti-inflation plan, 106, 111, 113, 127, 130, 155, 168, 169, 274 appointment as prime minister, 27, 99, 100, 105–107, 126, 270–272 Barre memoranda, 22 EMS negotiations and, 172, 225, 226 Basevi, Giorgio, 87–89, 301n97 See also All Saints’ Day Manifesto; Optica Reports Bastiaanse Group, 19 Bayerische Hypotheken und Wechselbank A.G., 35 Belgian compromise, 206, 210, 211, 213, 215–217, 228, 263 See also divergence indicator; Sangster Scheme Belgian Finance Ministry monetary proposal, 167, 170 Benelux governments, European Council organisation and, 69–70 Biehl, Dieter, 63 See also MacDougall Report 350 INDEX Blumenthal, Michael, 132, 186 boa. See reform of the snake Bobba, Franco, 295n111 See also Marjolin Report Bosman, Hendrikus Wilhelmus Johannes, 295n111 See also Marjolin Report Brandt, Willy, 24, 26 Bremen Annex, 3, 110, 152, 163, 164, 189–191, 196, 199, 200, 203–206, 215, 220, 225, 231, 232, 239, 247, 258, 259, 279, 322n2, 323n30, 326n97 See also Schulmann-Clappier draft Bretton Woods system, 26, 56, 179 collapse of, 1, 2, 11, 15, 23, 25, 49, 56, 198, 271 Britain EMU and, 25, 46 IMF (1976 crisis) and, 106 minority government of, 117 rumours of general elections in (1978), 178, 227, 273 See also Bank of England; Callaghan, James; Wilson, Harold British 1975 referendum, 47, 66, 142 EMU Report (1975), 75–76 Foreign Office and EMS, 209 Gas Council and ECU loans, 34 Parliament and role of the European Council , 236 renegotiation, 24, 26, 46, 47, 50, 60, 66, 69, 125, 142, 221 Treasury, 106, 141, 166, 209, 244, 246 Brouwers, G., 295n111 See also Marjolin Report Brown, Arthur, 63 See also MacDougall Report Budgetary Policy Committee, 19 See also Economic Policy Committee Bundesbank, 9, 62, 126, 168, 262, 264–266, 268, 270–273 Aachen meeting and, 218, 228 Duisenberg proposals and, 115 EMS negotiations and, 184, 190, 197, 198, 202, 204–206, 208, 213, 215, 216, 229, 233, 234, 238, 257–259 EMU and, 58, 93 independence of, 14, 94, 177, 266, 267, 270, 273 Jenkins 1978 proposals and, 140, 159 Schmidt Plan and, 165 Schmidt secret meeting at (1978), 77, 153, 229, 239–241, 249, 279 van Ypersele proposals and, 152 weakness of the dollar and, 144, 153 Burin des Roziers, Étienne, 46 Butler, Michael, 96, 172, 182, 209, 227, 245, 302n138 Cairncross, Alec, 35 Callaghan, James, 47, 76, 96, 106, 135, 143, 148, 153, 170, 171, 178 EMS negotiations and, 187–190, 193, 194, 204, 209, 236, 238, 243–246, 252–254, 276 five-point plan and, 163, 166, 184, 192, 193 Jenkins 1978 proposals...