The Memory of All Ancient Customs: Native American Diplomacy in the Colonial Hudson Valley

Notes

217 Notes Preface 1. Deposition of David Ninham, Aug. 2, 1762, quoted in Smith, General History , 175–176. 2. Hearing on the Claim of Daniel Nimham and other Wappingers, Mar. 6, 1765, CM, 26:5–6; Quitclaim to Land in Berkshire County, Jan. 12, 1763, Indian Deeds, ed. Wright, 184–187. E.M. Ruttenber cites a very similar deposition by the former Wappinger sachem Nimham dated 1730, which means that it is possible that English officials recycled some of the phrases in the deposition from 1762. Ruttenber, History of the Indian Tribes, 51. 3. Salisbury, “Indians’ Old World,” 435–458; Shackelford, “Frontier in PreColumbian Illinois,” 186–206. 4. For Munsee and Mahican territories: Grumet, Historic Contact,164, 211; Goddard , “Ethnohistorical Implications of Early Delaware Linguistic Material,” 89–102; Dunn, Mohicans and their Land, 45–62. In accordance with common scholarly practice , the terms “Indian,” “Native,” and “Native American” are used interchangeably in this book. 5. Important past works on the Hudson Valley Indians include Ruttenber,History of the Indian Tribes; Trelease, Indian Affairs; Otto, Dutch-Munsee Encounter; Merwick, The Shame and the Sorrow; Grumet, The Munsee Indian. 6. A technique pioneered by Robert Grumet has been helpful in overcoming some of the evidentiary difficulties. Grumet has focused much of his research on tracing the movement of people throughout the area between the Hudson and Delaware Valleys,and has especially relied on tracking the progress of named persons. Colonial writers often ignored people’s group affiliation, but they frequently recorded personal names,particularly on deeds of land. By analyzing documents recording named Indian individuals,Grumet has been able to trace the movements of particular persons throughout the large parts of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Tracing individuals is a useful way of investigating the contacts members of different peoples had with one another. Information provided by Grumet has been of direct assistance to this book by revealing connections among different Native groups. I have at also at times relied heavily on his methodological framework. Grumet, “’We are Not So Great Fools’”; Grumet, “Nimhams,” 80–99. Introduction 1. Kinietz, Delaware Culture Chronology, 15–17, 120 (quotes 1–3 on 120); Trowbridge , “Account of some of the Traditions,” 471 (quote 4); Kraft, Lenape, 119–20. 218 Notes to Pages 2–7 2. Kraft, “Late Woodland Settlement Patterns,” 102–15; Kraft, Historic Minisink Settlements; Diamond, “Terminal Late Woodland/Contact Period,” 149–62; Lavin, “Mohican/Algonquian Settlement Patterns,” 19–28; Ceci, Effect, 47–80; Journal of Director Stuyvesant’s Visit to the Esopus, May 28–June 28, 1658, Correspondence, 1654–1658, ed. Gehring, 187–88; Danckaerts, Journal, 246–48. 3. Juet, “Third Voyage of Master Henry Hudson,” 1610, NNN, 16–28 (quote on 24); Emanuel van Meteren, “On Hudson’s Voyage,” 1610, NNN, 7; Campisi, “Hudson Valley Indians through Dutch Eyes,” 168–69; Gehring and Starna, “Dutch and Indians in the Hudson Valley,” 8. 4. Hart, Prehistory, 17–38. Campisi, “Hudson Valley Indians through Dutch Eyes,” 169–71. For maps: NYCD, 1:10–12. 5. In NNN: Johan de Laet, “New World,” 36–66; Nicolas van Wassenaer, “‘Historich Verhael,’ ” 67–89. Van der Donck, Description, 93. 6. De Laet, “New World,” NNN, 57; Van Wassenaer, “‘Historich Verhael,’” NNN, 72; Van der Donck, Description, 19; Goddard, “Ethnohistorical Implications,” 89–102; Dunn,Mohicans and Their Land, 45–62;Ruttenber,History of the Indian Tribes, 4–9; Bolton, Indian Paths, 38–41; Brasser, “Coastal New York Indians,” 151–57; Brasser, Riding on the Frontier’s Crest, 15–27. 7. Murphy, trans., “Broad Advice,” 254. 8. CMVL: Treaty of Peace with several River Indians, Apr. 6, 1644, 216–17; Articles of Peace with the River Indians, Aug. 30, 1645, 279–80. 9. Fried, Notion of Tribe, 9–10, 99–102; Strong, “Thirteen Tribes,” 39–73; Meeting with Long Island Indians, May 24, 1645, CMVL, 265–66; Indian Deed to Lant at Oyster Bay, Sept. 17, 1683, OBTR, 1:676 (quote 1); Governor Dongan’s Patent to Tackapousha, June 24, 1687, ALG, 4:74; Council Meeting, Apr. 2, 1691, CM, 6:10–11 (quote 2). 10. Deed to Land in Dutchess, Aug. 8, 1683, Letters Patent, NYSA, 5:72–75; Testimony of Adam, May 11, 1653, Records of New Plymouth, ed. Pulsifer, 10:44–45. 11. Snow, Archaeology of New England, 31–34, 42, 96–98; Grumet, Munsee Indians, 14–16; Taylor, “Captain Hendrick Aupaumut,” 431–57; Aupaumut, “Extracts from an Indian History,” 99–102 (quote on 102): Aupaumut in Jones, Stockbridge, 14–23; Becker, “Lenape and Other‘Delawarean...