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Glossary
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xi Glossar y Akhlaqiat Moral behavior ‘Alim Learned man, religious scholar; Senior Secondary degree in ‘Aliya madrasas, Bangladesh ‘Aliya Bachelor’s degree in madrasas, Pakistan ‘Alimiya Master’s level religious education in madrasas in Pakistan. This is the final category in the teaching of Dars-i-Nizami. It is also called Daura-i-Hadith. It results in the degree of Shahadat -ul-‘Alimiya Fil ‘Uloom-il-‘Arabia-wal-Islami, awarded by the five state-recognized wafaqs. It is equated with an MA in Arabic and Islamic Studies by the Higher Education Commission , Pakistan. The primary to bachelor degrees awarded by the wafaqs, however, are not equated with degrees awarded in the formal (secular) education system ‘Aliya madrasas Reformed (state-supported) madrasas, Bangladesh ‘Asar Afternoon prayer Ashraf Honorable, respectable people Burqa Long dress with facial covering used by Muslim women Dakhil Secondary (6–10 grades) in ‘Aliya madrasas, Bangladesh Dars Lesson Dars-i-Nizami Islamic curriculum developed by Mullah Nizam-ud-Din of Farangi Mahall in the early eighteenth century and taught in Pakistani madrasas to date. Du‘a Prayer Fatwa A legal opinion issued by a Mufti (jurisconsult) Fazil Bachelors (13–14 grades) in ‘Aliya madrasas, Bangladesh Fiqh The technical term for the science of Islamic jurisprudence Hadith Sayings of Prophet Muhammad Hafiz/Hafiz-i-Quran One who has memorized the Quran Hifz Process of memorizing Quran Hajj The annual pilgrimage to Mecca Hijab Headscarf used by Muslim women Ibtida’iya Primary (1–5 grades) in‘Aliya and Qaumi madrasas in Bangladesh and also in madrasas in Pakistan Ijaza Certificate Ijtihad Systematic reflection on the foundational sources of the law to arrive at legal rulings on matters not already or explicitly determined by Islamic law Imam Leader or head of the community; prayer leader at the mosque ‘Isha’ Night prayer ‘Iqra’ Read Istikhara Special prayer to seek direction Jihad Struggle, including armed struggle against non-believers Jihadist One who joins jihad xii GLOSSARY Jilbab Long dress worn by Muslim women Kamil Master’s level (15–16 grades) in ‘Aliya madrasa, Bangladesh Kharzi madrasas Generic name for traditional madrasas in West Bengal, India Khasa Senior secondary level of religious education in madrasas in Pakistan Kheerat Religious alms Khutba Sermon Madrasa Institution for higher Islamic learning Manqulat The “revealed” or “transmitted sciences” Ma‘qulat The Islamic rational sciences Maulvi/Maulvi Sahib Generic term for Islamic scholar, prayer leader or preacher Mujahedeen Those waging jihad Mujtahid One qualified to undertake the effort to form an opinion in Islamic law Maktab Quranic schools Nafs Negative self; ego Namaz Daily five prayers Neeyat Intention Niqab Facial covering Pardah To cover; also refers to gender-based segregation Qalb Heart Qasbat (Qasba singular) Small towns Qaumi madrasas Generic name for traditional madrasas in Bangladesh Qira’at Vocalization of Quranic text Radd A process of scholarly refutation of arguments by ‘ulama of different schools of Islamic thought Ramadan The month of fasting Roza Fast Ruh Spirit Sadaqa Religious alms Sadaqa-i-Jariya Permanent alms Sakoon Inner peace Shari‘a The law of Islam based on Quran and Hadiths Shirk Associating partners with God Sufi Muslim mystic Sunna Practice of Prophet Mohammad Tajweed Pronunciation of Quran Takhassus Specialization Takreeri Debating Taraweeh Special night prayer in Ramadan Tauheed Belief in oneness of God ‘Ulama (‘alim singular) Religious scholars ‘Umrah Optional pilgrimage to Mecca Wafaq Central madrasa board Waqf Religious endowment Zakat Islamic alms—tax paid annually on one’s accumulated wealth Zuhur Mid-day prayer THE RATIONAL BELIEVER ...