Eurasia's New Frontiers: Young States, Old Societies, Open Futures

Index

Index Abdelal, Rawi, 65 Abramovich, Roman, 64, 74 Akayev, Askar, 41, 61 Albright, Madeleine, 89 “Alternative Futures” (Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2007), 130, 165n13 Armenia, 2, 61–62, 165n14 ethnic nationalism, 97 Aron, Leon, 138–139 assistance See Western aid authoritarianism determinants of, 50–51 See also competitive authoritarianism ; presidentialism; strongman rule Azerbaijan ethnic nationalism, 97 natural resources, 6, 68 oil and gas revenues, 76–77 Bakiyev, Kurmanbek, 104 Balmaceda, Margarita M., 163n38 Baltic republics, 2, 45 See also Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania Balzer, Harley, 78–79 Beissinger, Mark P., 163n37 Belarus governance of, 59–60 language laws, 104 Russia and, 115, 163n38 Berdymukhammedov, Gurbanguly, 35, 52 Berezovsky, Boris, 74 Borat (film), 112 Brezhnev, Leonid, 50 Broers, Lawrence, 148n22 Bryza, Matthew, 165n14 Burke, Edmund, 122 Bush, George W., 13, 72–73, 74, 125 Caspian Basin pipeline diplomacy, 68, 72, 85–86 Central Asian Cooperation Organization (CACO), 48 171 Chechnya, 55–56 Cheney, Richard, 124 China, 120, 121, 128–129 Chou En-lai, 46 Chubais, Anatoly, 75, 77 Churchill, Winston, 156n26 Chuvash people, 102 civic nationalism, 58 CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), 48 civil society, 4 evolution of, 17–20 idealization of, 15–17 Soviet Union, 20–21 civil society, post-Soviet concepts of, 26–28 Kazakhstan, 36 weakness of, 4, 28–31 clans, 32, 55–60 See also kinship-based networks Cohen, Sacha Baron, 112 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), 48, 49 color revolutions, 2, 34–35, 61, 79, 152n26 Orange Revolution, 57 Rose Revolution, 77, 79, 110, 115 Tulip Revolution, 79, 152n28 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 48 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 20 Community of Democratic Choice, 48 competitive authoritarianism, 55– 58 See also authoritarianism Connor, Walter D., 149n5, 163n40 CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organization), 48, 49 Dahrendorf, Ralf, 148n1 Darden, Keith, 148n2 democratization, 34–35 democratization, obstacles to, elites, preservation of, 39, 40– 41 nation-states, weakness of, 42– 44 Deripaska, Oleg, 64, 86–87 Dreier, David, 122 Easter, Gerald M., 150n16, 153n8 Elchibey, Abulfaz, 41 elections, 1, 3, 60–61 environmental movement, 27 Erofeyev, Victor, 1, 2 Estonia ethnic nationalism, 97 Russia and, 45, 155–156n26 Westernization of, 45 ethnic nationalism, 8–9, 57, 163n37 religion and, 102 Russia and, 94–95, Soviet Union and, 97–98 state sponsorship of, 113–114 trend toward, 105–106 Uzbekistan, 160–161n23 Western disapproval of, 44–45 EU (European Union), 84, 139, 140 EURASEC (Eurasian Economic Community), 48 Eurasia defined, 2 importance of, 120–121 international organizations, proliferation of, 46–47, 48– 49 intra-state relations, 7–8, 137 market reform and, 6–7 nation-state, importance of, 141–142 religious revival, 99–102 Russia, hegemonic presence of, 7, 46–49, 79–81, 81–84, 88 172 Index state-building within, 111–112, 114–115, 141 strong vs. weak countries, 131– 132 See also governance; state-building ; specific Eurasian countries Eurasian Economic Community (EURASEC), 48 Eurasianism, 107–108, 109–110 European Energy Charter, 84–85 European Union (EU), 84,139, 140 Fallon, Admiral William, 129 Ferghana Valley (Central Asia), 112–113 Fried, Daniel, 125 Galileo, 70 Gamzakhurdia, Zviad, 40 Gates, Robert, 124 Gazprom (Russian gas monopoly), 77, 79, 85, 86, 156n30, 157n33 Georgia, 34, 110–111, 115 ethnic nationalism, 9 Rose Revolution, 77, 79, 110, 115 Goldman, Marshall I., 150n24, 153n7 GONGOs (government-organized nongovernmental organizations ), 29 See also NGOs Gorbachev, Mikhail, 119 Gorenburg, Dmitry P., 146n4, 148n7 governance authoritarianism, 50–51 competitive authoritarianism, 55–58 elite infighting, 4–5 neopatrimonialism, 59 presidentialism, 51–54, 58–59 rapacious individualism, 54– 55, 64 struggle for resources, 5–6, 63– 64, 67–70 Gromyko, Andrei, 83 Grzymala-Busse, Anna, 148n2 GUUAM/GUAM (Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan , Moldova), 48 Hale, Henry, 60 Havel, Václav, 16 Herrera, Yoshiko, 65–66 Hosking, Geoffrey, 95 Human Rights Watch, 30 hybrid sovereignty, 112–113 See also sovereignty Illarionov, Andrei, 33 Ilves, Toomas Hendrik, 155n26 India, 120, 121 Islam, 19, 100 Ivanov, Sergei, 157n33 Judaism, 101–102 Karimov, Islom, 59, 129, 159n7, 160–161n23 Kazakhstan civil society within, 36 governance of, 52, 53, 60 natural resources, 6, 68, 156n30 oil and gas revenues, 77 religion, 101, 102 renationalization efforts, 86 Kennan, George F., 73 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 64, 75– 76 Khrushchev, Nikita, 95 kinship-based networks, 32 Kocharyan, Robert, 61–62 Kokoshin, Andrei, 81 Kramer, David, 125 Kuchma, Leonid, 61 Index 173 Kudrin, Alexei, 84 Kursk (nuclear submarine), 74 Kyrgyzstan, 34, 35 governance of, 52, 59 language laws, 104...