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Chapter 1. “A Proper and Instructive Education” 1. For summaries of the literature on early American thought about children in relation to families and communities, see Carole Shammas, A History of Household Government in America (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002); Lisa Wilson, Ye Heart of a Man: The Domestic Life of Men in Colonial New England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); and Helena M. Wall, Fierce Communion: Family and Community in Early America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990). 2. Countryman’s Lamentation, ii–iii, 42–44, 46. 3. Compare Whitman’s and Brewer’s estimates in chapters 4 and 12 in this volume with those of Christopher Tomlins in “Reconsidering Indentured Servitude: European Migration and the Early American Labor Force, 1600–1775,” Labor History 42 (2001): 5–43. In the Chesapeake of the mid–eighteenth century, Tomlins estimated the share of Maryland’s population that was bound in servitude to have been 6.4 percent. 4. David J. Rothman,The Discovery of the Asylum:Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Timothy A. Hacsi, Second Home: Orphan Asylums and Poor Families in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997); E. Wayne Carp, Family Matters: Secrecy and Disclosure in the History of Adoption (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); E. Wayne Carp, ed., Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002); Adoption History Project website, http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~adoption/; and Joseph F. Kett, Rites of Passage: Adolescence in America, 1790 to the Present (New York: Basic Books, 1977). 5. Countryman’s Lamentation, 43–44. 6. Countryman’s Lamentation, 45. 7. Countryman’s Lamentation, 43. 8. For Rhode Island,see Murray and Herndon, “Markets for Children,”360,fig. 1;for Ohio, see Patchen, “Apprenticeship on the Frontier,” 47 (see bibliography). The other figures refer to essays in this volume. 9. Countryman’s Lamentation, 42. Notes 214 notes to pages 10–20 10. For example, on maintenance see Connecticut (Colony), Acts and Laws, of His Majesties Colony of Connecticut in New-England (Boston: Bartholomew Green and John Allen, 1702), 7; on binding out see Joseph Brevard, An Alphabetical Digest of the Public Statute Law of South Carolina (Charleston: John Hoff, 1814), 68. 11. Countryman’s Lamentation, ii. 12. Countryman’s Lamentation, 47. 13. Countryman’s Lamentation, 47–48. 14. Countryman’s Lamentation, 45. 15. Countryman’s Lamentation, 45–46. 16. Countryman’s Lamentation, 43. 17. “Cyphering,” or basic arithmetic, was usually reserved for boys in pauper apprenticeship indentures. It was an educational accomplishment quite separate from reading and writing and was not taught to any significant extent in early America until the late seventeenth century. Basic math became important for the conduct of a trade in the eighteenth century and entered pauper apprenticeship indentures accordingly. On the shift from a “prenumerate”to a “numerate”culture in America,see Patricia Cline Cohen,A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1982),esp. ch. 2. For a significant discussion of the importance of cyphering in male crafts and trades and its inclusion in indentures of pauper apprentices in Maryland, see Daniels, “Alternative Workers in a Slave Economy,” (Ph.D. dissertation, Johns Hopkins University, 1990), 337, 357–61. 18. Countryman’s Lamentation, 46. 19. Barry Levy, “Girls and Boys:Poor Children and the Labor Market in Colonial Massachusetts ,” Pennsylvania History 64 (1997): 287–307. 20. Countryman’s Lamentation, iii, 49. 21. Stephanie Grauman Wolf,AsVarious as Their Land: The Everyday Lives of Eighteenth-Century Americans (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 108. 22. On the legal status of children as dependents, see Holly Brewer, “Age of Reason? Children , Testimony, and Consent in Early America,” in The Many Legalities of Early America, ed. Christopher L. Tomlins and Bruce H. Mann (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 293–332; and Levy, “Girls and Boys.” 23. Wolf, As Various as Their Land, 113; and Sharon Braslaw Sundue, “Industrious in Their Stations:Young People at Work in Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston, 1735–1785” (Ph.D. dissertation , Harvard University, 2001), 15–58. 24. Plymouth Colony counted males over age sixteen as adults as early as 1643; by the Revolutionary era, all New England colonies/states had followed suit. New York counted persons over the age of ten as adults in 1731 but changed the dividing line to age sixteen in the census of 1746. North Carolina counted sixteen-year-olds among “men” as early as 1761. All states had...

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