South African Foreign Policy Review: Volume 1

Contents

i Table of Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements ix About the contributors x Abbreviations and acronyms xv CHAPTER 1 Towards a post-apartheid South African foreign policy review 1 Chris Landsberg Context and background 4 Approach and content 12 Notes 17 CHAPTER 2 Opening the ‘black box’: South African foreign policy-making 20 Lesley Masters Introduction 20 The concentric circles of decision-making 20 At the centre: from Mandela to Zuma 21 Party politics: The role of the ANC 26 The foreign policy bureaucracy 27 From DFA to DIRCO 27 The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) 29 The Department of Defence (DoD) 30 Parliament 32 Domestic nongovernmental sources of foreign policy decision-making 33 Conclusion: A multistakeholder foreign policy decision-making process? 37 Notes 37 CHAPTER 3 The international relations of South African provinces and municipalities: An appraisal of federated diplomacy 42 Siphamandla Zondi Introduction 42 Perforated sovereignty and the federalisation of international relations: A conceptual framework 43 ii The extent and nature of South African paradiplomacy 44 International visits and trade missions 44 International cooperation agreements 45 Participation in, and relationships with, international organizations 46 International development cooperation 47 International marketing 48 Why do provinces and municipalities undertake paradiplomacy? 48 Changing international relations 48 Global ambitions 49 Global megacities 49 Regional integration and cross-border expansion 50 The constitutional framework and the idea of relative autonomy of sub-national entities 51 Inter-governmental relations, the bureaucracy and paradiplomacy 53 The relationship between foreign policy and paradiplomacy 54 Towards a policy framework for South African paradiplomacy 55 Key challenges for South Africa’s paradiplomacy 58 Conclusion 63 Notes 64 CHAPTER 4 Soft power: The essence of South Africa’s foreign policy 68 Karen Smith Introduction 68 The soft side of power 69 The retreat of hard power? 71 South Africa’s post-1994 foreign policy and soft power 72 The regional dimension 75 The way forward: challenges and opportunities 77 Notes 81 CHAPTER 5 A review of South Africa’s peace diplomacy since 1994 84 Anthoni van Nieuwkerk Introduction: defining peace diplomacy 84 South Africa’s continental peace diplomacy 85 Framing the debate: the contested nature of peace and conflict resolution 87 Conflict, conflict resolution tools and techniques, and the African experience 88 TABLE OF CONTENTS iii Peace diplomacy: the record 90 Peace diplomacy: tools of the trade 95 Current and future prospects 97 Conclusion: Peace diplomacy in service of the nation or the elite? 103 Post-script: the Libyan challenge to South Africa’s peace diplomacy 105 Notes 107 CHAPTER 6 South Africa’s economic diplomacy in a changing global order 112 Brendan Vickers Introduction 112 The shifting global and regional contexts for South Africa’s economic diplomacy 113 The domestic sources of South Africa’s economic diplomacy 115 Recalibrating the compass: South Africa’s economic diplomacy 117 Consolidating historical connections: the EU and the US 120 ‘Lions on the move’: South Africa and Africa 121 South Africa and ‘Asia rising’ 125 South Africa and the ‘Latin American Jaguars’ 127 Multilateral economic diplomacy 128 Conclusion and recommendations 130 Notes 134 CHAPTER 7 The evolving ‘doctrine’ of multilateralism in South Africa’s Africa policy 139 David Monyae Introduction 139 Historical background 140 South Africa as a realist middle power 141 South Africa as a pluralist middle power 143 Transforming SADC 147 The OAU-AU transition and Nepad’s emergence 149 Conclusion: Chairing the AU and the Ivoirian and Libyan dilemmas 151 Notes 151 CHAPTER 8 South Africa’s relations with African anchor states 153 Nomfundo Xenia Ngwenya Introduction 153 TABLE OF CONTENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS The concept of anchor states 154 Typology of African anchor states 155 Strategies for South African engagement per category 157 General factors South Africa should consider when engaging with African anchor states 158 Acceptance of regional integration as a common objective 159 Internal and external factors 160 Making room for malleability 161 The importance of external powers 161 South Africa’s interests and the role of anchor states 162 Diversification of strategic powers 163 An evaluation of South Africa’s anchor state engagement since 1994 164 West Africa 165 East Africa 167 North Africa 168 Central Africa 169 Conclusion 169 Notes 170 CHAPTER 9 South Africa’s foreign policy towards the global North 173 Gerrit Olivier Introduction 173 The emergence of a new South African foreign policy orientation and identification 174 ‘The struggle continues’ as South Africa turns truly African 175 The...