Notes
Notes Introduction 1. See Leonard S. Spector, The Undeclared Bomb: The Spread ofNuclear Weapons 1987-1988. For the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. (Cambridge , Mass.: Ballinger, 1988), pp.161-95. And cf. Spector's Nuclear Ambitions: The SpreadofNuclear Weapons 1989-1990 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1990). Regarding the cases of Pakistan and India, see Spector's "New Players in the Nuclear Game," Bulletin ofthe Atomic Scientists Oanuary/February 1989), pp. 2932 , and his annual reports on nuclear proliferation published by the Carnegie Endowment. Spector is less interested in the politics of proliferation-i.e. in the motives and goals of nations who seek nuclear weapons-than he is in registering facts about their activities (mostly quoted from public sources written in English or from translations). For further information on "undeclared bombs," see, Congressional Research Service (CRS) "Issue Briefs"; the publications of Programme for Promoting Nuclear Non-Proliferation (PPNN), a London-based antiproliferation group; and see the regular attention paid to the subject in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists; for a recent report published by the Aspen Strategy Group of the Aspen Institute, see New Threats: Responding to the Proliferation ofNuclear, Chemical, and Delivery Capabilities in the Third World (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1990), especially Geoffry Kemp's contribution, "Solving the Proliferation Problem in the Middle-East," pp. 197-222. There are also a number of technical publications (such as Nucleonics Week, The Energy Daily, etc.) that publish data regarding the acquisition of nuclearrelated technologies by nations involved. However, these publications are not principally concerned with the political or the strategic significance of nuclear weapons in areas such as the Middle East, nor are they antiproliferation as a matter of course. Whereas I am interested in the sources of antiproliferation philosophy itself and in its implementation in a specific area in the world as a 297 298 The Politics and Strategy of Nuclear Weapons in the Middle East practical-theoretical and as a political-strategic problem. A source of some importance in this connection are the reports of the Secretary General of the United Nations to the General Assembly; see, for example, Establishment ofa Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in the Region ofthe Middle East (a study on effective and verifiable measures that would facilitate the establishment of a nuclear-weaponfree zone in the Middle East), Report of the Secretary General, U.N. General Assembly, doc. A/45/435, October 10,1990. 2. Frank Barnaby, The Invisible Bomb: The Nuclear Anns Race in the Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris, 1989). 3. For the philosophy and the rules of the nonproliferation regime see, for example, JosephS. Nye, "Maintaining a Nonproliferation Regime" in Nuclear Proliferation-Breaking the Chain, edited by George H. Quester (Madison, Wise.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), pp. 15-38, and cf. his most recent publication in this regard,"Arms Control After the Cold War," in Foreign Affairs (Winter 1989/90), pp. 42-64. See alsoJed C. Snyder and Samuel F. Wells, Jr., eds., Limiting Nuclear Proliferation. For the Wilson Center, Washington_ D.C. (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1985), pp. 43-58 (regarding Israel) and pp. 3-42 (regarding Iraq); and cf. Mitchel Reiss, Without the Bomb: The Politics ofNuclear Nonproliferation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), pp. 138-72 (concerning Israel). A major contribution to the nuclear history of the world, including the history of the nonproliferation"regime," is McGeorge Bundy's Danger and Survival : Choices About the Bomb in the First Fifty Years (New York: Random House, 1988), pp. 513-16. An important contribution to the history of the British bomb, and to British influence on American strategic thinking, is Ian Clark and Nicholas J. Wheeler, The British Origins ofNuclear Strategy 1945-1955 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989); this book can be useful in understanding Israel's deliberations , due to some connections between the cases (including British leftwing criticism of the "national bomb," which was echoed in Israel). And see John Newhouse, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age (New York: Knopf, 1989), esp. pp. 136-37, 238-40, and 271-73 (regarding Israel); Newhouse's information about the French-Israeli nuclear cooperation and other issues related to the Middle East is however partial at best, due to his concentration on the superpowers and due to his sources, in the case of Israel. Chapter One. Strategy, History, and Politics 1. See Robert Jervis's "Deterrence Theory Revisited" in World Politics, vol. XXXI, no. 3 Oanuary 1979), pp. 289-324, and cf. his The lllogic ofAmerican Nuclear Strategy...
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