The Arab-Israeli Conflict Transformed: Fifty Years of Interstate and Ethnic Crises

NOTES

197 NOTES CHAPTER 1.THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO CONFLICT AND ORDER IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS 1. One of the first major books that put the debate in this light was Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1986); See also Joseph S. Nye, “Neorealism and Neoliberalism,” World Politics 40, No.2 (1988): 235–251. 2.The debate on institutions versus realism and especially the mechanism of balance of power goes back to the idealist-realist dichotomy during the late 1930s and may be traced to ancient times as K. J. Holsti does in The Dividing Discipline (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1985). See also John Herz, “Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma,” World Politics 2, No. 2 (January 1950): 157–180; Herbert Butterfield, History and Human Relations (London: Collins, 1950), 19–20; Robert Jervis,“Cooperation under the Security Dilemma”, World Politics 30 (January 1978): 167–214; and George Liska, International Equilibrium (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957). For a comprehensive book presenting the debate see David A. Baldwin, ed., Neorealism and Neoliberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993). For a recent debate on neorealism see articles by JohnVasquez,KennethWaltz,and others in American Political Science Review 91, No. 4 (December 1997): 899–935. 3. For arguments recommending the inclusion of ethnic nationalism in international politics see Anthony D. Smith, The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), xii–xiii and Anthony D. Smith, “Ethnic Identity and World Order,” Millennium 12, No.2 (June 1982): 307–327. See also special issues on the ethnic problem in international politics in Millennium 20, No. 3 (Winter 1991), and Survival 36, No. 1 (1993). 4. On the need for modifying realism with ethno-nationalism see Shmuel Sandler, “Ethno nationalism and the Foreign Policy of Nation States,” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 1, No. 2 (Summer 1995): 250–269. 5. For an early account of this dilemma see Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, translated by Rex Warner (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1972). See also George Liska, War and Order, (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970); and George Liska, States in Evolution: Changing Societies and Traditional Systems in World Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973). THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT TRANSFORMED 198 6. John Herz, The Nation State and the Crisis of World Politics (New York: David McKay, 1976), Introduction and chapter 1. 7. Kenneth N.Waltz,“EvaluatingTheories,” American Political Science Review 91, No. 4 (December 1997): 913. 8. Baldwin, Neorealism and Neoliberalism, 147–148. 9. Many chapters in Morgenthau’s book on international politics deal with international institutions; see for instance Politics Among Nations (New York: Knopf, 1956), chapters 23–30. See also Inis Claude, Power and International Relations (New York: Random House, 1962), especially chapters 2–8. 10. John Grieco, in Baldwin, Neorealism and Neoliberlism, 335. 11. John Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security 19,No.3 (1995):13.For neorealists institutions are a dependent variable , for neoliberals regimes may have an independent impact on international politics. 12. Baldwin, Neorealism and Neoliberalism, 14. 13. Mearsheimer,“The False Promise of International Institutions”: 8. It is significant that Mearsheimer refrained from adding norms and principles to his definition of international order. 14. Stephen Krasner, International Regimes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983), 2. 15. Robert Jervis,“Security Regimes,” International Organizations 38, No.2 (1982): 357. 16. See the Forum section in American Political Science Review, quoted in EN 2. 17. For the role of institutions in classical realists see Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, 365–465. George Liska’s emphasis on international equilibrium and the organization of security could be seen as an early version of intstitutionalism. See Liska, International Equilibrium. In E. H. Carr’s The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919-1939 (New York: Harper, 1964, originally published in 1939 by Macmillan), see especially part four. See also Patricia Stein Wrightson, “Morality, Realism, and Foreign Affairs,” in Benjamin Frankel, ed., Roots of Realism (London: Frank Cass, 1996), 354–386. 18. Krasner, International Regimes, 3. 19. Ibid,. p. 8. 20. Ibid. 21. Baldwin, Neorealism and Neoliberalism, 329. 22. John Mearsheimer, “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War,” International Security 15, No. 1 (Summer 1990): 5–56. See also some remarks made by Waltz on the future of NATO in Robert O. Keohane,“Institutional Theory and the Realist Challenge after the ColdWar,”in Baldwin,Neorealism and Neoliberalism, 286–287. 23. Alexander Wendt, “Anarchy Is What States Make Out of It,” International Organization 46, No.2 (Spring 1992): 417. 24. Ibid. 394–395, On this...