Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith in the ERA Debate, 1921-1929

Notes

115 Notes Introduction 1. Cynthia Patterson, “The Beginnings of Modern Feminism: The National Woman’s Party’s Campaign for the Equal Rights Amendment in the 1920s” (Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1987), 71–75, 170–73; Lynne M. O’Leary-Archer, “The Contentious Community: The Impact of Internecine Con-¶ict on the National Woman’s Party, 1920–1947” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southern California, 1988), 28–30; Susan Becker, “An Intellectual History of the National Woman’s Party” (Ph.D. dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1975), 203–07. 2. Leila Rupp and Verta Taylor, Survival in the Doldrums: The American Women’s Rights Movement, 1945 to the 1960s (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990). 3. Alice Kessler-Harris, Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 206–07, 212–13; Alice Kessler-Harris, “The Paradox of Motherhood: Night Work Restrictions in the United States,” in Protecting Women: Labor Legislation in Europe, the United States, and Australia, 1880–1920, ed. Ulla Wikander, Alice Kessler-Harris, and Jane Lewis. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 337–39. 4. Miriam Cohen and Michael Hanagan, “The Politics of Gender and the Making of the Welfare State, 1900–1940: A Comparative Perspective,” Journal of Social History 24: 3 (spring 1991): 469–84. 5. For examples, see, “Are Women’s Clubs ‘Used’ by Bolshevists?” The Dearborn Independent, March 15, 1924, reel 4, Mary Anderson Papers; Ethel M. Smith to Mary Anderson, Washington, D.C., April 3, 1924, reel 4, Mary Anderson Papers; Ethel M. Smith, “Super Patriots Continue Attacks on Women,” Washington , D.C., May 13, 1925, NWTUL of America, History and Data, 1920–1927, reel 17, Records of the National Women’s Trade Union League (hereafter cited as WTUL); Ethel M. Smith to Rose [Schneiderman], Washington, D.C., May 6, 1927, NWTUL of America, Attacks On, 1925–1931, reel 16, WTUL; Ethel M. Smith to Mrs. John D. Sherman, Washington, D.C., June 2, 1927, NWTUL of America, Attacks On, 1925–1931, reel 16, WTUL; WJCC, “Summary of Report of 116 Notes Special Committee,” n.d., NWTUL of America, Attacks On, 1925–1931, reel 16, WTUL. 6. See Benjamin Twiss, Lawyers and the Constitution: How Laissez-Faire Came to the Supreme Court (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1942); David Wigdor, Roscoe Pound: Philosopher of Law (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1974); Roscoe Pound, The Formative Era of American Law (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1938). 7. Santa Clara v South Paci¤c Railroad, 116 US 394 (1886); In Re Lockwood 154 US 116 (1894). 8. Roscoe Pound, “Mechanical Jurisprudence,” Columbia Law Review 8 (December 1908): 605–823. 9. See Morton Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law: The Crisis of Legal Orthodoxy, 1870–1960 (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1987), Joan G. Zimmerman, “The Jurisprudence of Equality: The Women’s Minimum Wage, the First Equal Rights Amendment, and Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, 1905–1923,” Journal of American History (June 1991): 188–225. 10. Joan Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 7. 11. Diane Kirkby, Alice Henry: The Power of Pen and Voice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 132–38. 12. Nancy Schrom Dye, As Equals and As Sisters: Feminism, the Labor Movement , and Women’s Trade Union League of New York (Columbia: University Press of Missouri, 1980). 13. Diane Kirkby, Alice Henry: The Power of Pen and Voice, 132. 14. Kathryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work: The Rise of Women’s Political Culture, 1830–1900 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), 256–58. 15. Kathryn Kish Sklar, “The Greater Part of the Petitioners Are Female,” in Worktime and Industrialization: An International History, ed. Gary Cross (Philadelphia : Temple University Press, 1988), 103–33. 16. William A. Gamson, “Social Psychology of Collective Action,” in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992), 55–57. 17. Mary Anderson to Mrs. Richard Border, n.p., June 7, 1951, reel 3, Mary Anderson Papers. 18. Though Smith is usually not listed in guides to manuscript collections, her correspondence can be found in: Records of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (hereafter cited as NAWSA); The Woman Citizen; Papers of the National League of Women Voters (hereafter cited as LWV); Records of the National Women’s Trade Union League and Its Principle Leaders, 1903–1950; Records of the Women’s Joint Congressional Committee (hereafter cited as...