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Abu Hanifa. See Hanafi`ada. See custom ahl al-hadith, muhaddithun (traditionists, advocating exclusive authority of hadith), 3, 17–29, 34, 37, 40, 41 ahl al-ra'y (rationalists, advocating the right of jurists to reason for themselves ), 26, 40, 41`alim. See `ulama'`amal (judicial practice), 86, 91`amma. See commoners ashab al-ra'y. See ahl al-ra'y Ash`ari, 34, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 48nn. 45, 46; 50, 51, 62n. 42 ashraf (sing. sharif) (descendants of the Prophet), 12, 35, 128, 149, 157 awqaf. See waqf baraka (divine blessing, grace), 45, 55, 107n. 87, 110, 111, 113, 116, 157 See also Sufi bid`a (pl. bidà) (unwarranted innovation), 39, 49, 50, 51, 59, 60, 63n. 84 bid`a hasana (welcome, good innovation), 50 caliph. See khalifa commoners (`amma), 13, 23, 49–63. See also community of believers community of believers (umma) active in public sphere, 12, 13, 15, 49–50, 59–60, 71, 73, 74–75, 79, 81n. 23, 126, 127, 129, 134, 151, 152 autonomous groups within (see ashraf; groups of origin; guilds; madhhab; neighborhoods; Sufi) discourse with ruling authorities (see rulers) place in doctrine, 10, 66, 120–22, 123–25, 144, 147, 148–49, 154 role in shaping religious practices, 6, 13, 49–50, 55, 60 See also commoners; `ulama'; waqf cult of saints, 55, 60, 87, 96–97, 106n. 74, 107n. 87, 110, 116 custom (`ada, tàamul, tàaruf, `urf), 5, 13, 73, 80, 86–93, 94–97, 125–27 See also qadi dar `adl (tribal arbitrator incorporated in the shari`a court and treated by the qadi as a shar`i notary – `adl – of the court), 90, 93, 94, 96, 106nn. 76, 81, 82; 107n. 91 dhikr (Sufi litany), 55, 113–14, 117, 129 endowments. See waqf faqih. See fuqaha' fatwa (legal opinion), 14, 32, 33, 43, 49, 50, 52, 53, 74, 91, 92, 126. See also mufti fiqh (the science of the shari`a), 26, 85, 121, 147 fuqaha’ (sing. faqih) (scholars of fiqh), 10, 43, 53, 85, 86, 91–92, 109, 120. See also `ulama' groups of origin, 12, 128–29 guilds, 5, 12, 69–70, 71, 80, 81n. 18, 128–29 187 INDEX hadith (tradition deriving from the Prophet), 10, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 36, 41, 43, 50, 54, 56, 59, 66, 94–95, 120 Hanafi, Abu Hanifa, 7, 12, 14, 26, 29n. 36, 32, 37, 38, 39, 41, 47n. 27, 50, 54, 59, 62n. 42, 63n. 82, 89, 90, 92, 131, 136n. 31 See also madhhab Hanbali, Ibn Hanbal, 4, 11, 14, 22–24, 26, 28n. 4, 32, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 47n. 27, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58–59, 109, 155. See also madhhab Ibn Hanbal. See Hanbali ijmà (consensus of community or`ulama'), 10, 13, 120, 147 ijtihad (exercise of independent reasoning ), 5, 90`ilm (religious knowledge), 31, 40`ilm al-rijal (branch of knowledge concerning information about hadith transmitters), 21–22, 25–28, 29n. 29. See also `ulama' imam (leader of public prayer), 35, 38, 49, 51, 55, 58, 59 kalam (theology), 19, 22–24, 28n. 5, 41 khalifa (caliph), 66–68, 114, 150, 157. See also rulers khanqah (pl. khawaniq) (Sufi lodge), 3, 31, 54, 56, 59, 62n. 45, 111, 116 khatib (preacher of Friday sermon), 35, 37, 53, 54, 58, 59 madhhab (pl. madhahib) (school of law), 31, 33, 54, 88, 128, 129, 151, 155 affiliation and membership, 37–38, 39, 44 and madaris, 38, 39–40, 43 arena of public sphere, 3, 11, 37–41, 43–45, 147 as solidarity group, 4, 11–12, 38, 39, 40–41, 44, 46–47n. 23, 58–59, 109 autonomy in public sphere, 10, 14, 44, 58–59, 147 internal conflicts, 4, 41–44 rulers’ intervention in conflicts, 14, 41–42, 43 rulers’ intervention in debates among madhahib, 14, 42, 43 social functions, 11, 38–39, 41, 47–48n. 37, 58–59 See also: Hanafi; Hanbali; Maliki; Shafi`i; `ulama' madrasa (pl. madaris) (college of religious sciences), 4, 31–32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 41, 44, 45n. 6, 47n. 34, 54, 59, 74, 75, 76, 122, 128, 131, 137n. 46 autonomy of `ulama' heads of madaris, 11, 33–34 role in public sphere, 3, 43 See also `ilm; madhhab mahdi (a divinely guided ruler who would restore Islam to its original perfection ), 14, 68, 137n. 33, 155, 158 majlis al-`ilm (assembly of learning), 54, 59 Maliki, 32, 37, 47n. 27, 86, 90, 91, 95, 97, 105n. 56...

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