actions, 2, 22, 33, 38, 82, 103, 111, 113, 122, 125, 127–28, 138 activities, 37, 68, 75, 80–82, 84–87, 94–95, 97, 100, 104–6, 109–10, 112, 116, 119, 125, 127, 129–31, 138–39, 141, 155 aesthetic. See esthetic Agassiz, Louis, 149 air, soil and water, 15, 18, 25–28, 35, 40, 72, 126, 128–30, 132, 138 altruism, altruistic, 22, 29–30, 35 analysis, vi, vii, viii, 18, 20–21, 32, 50, 52, 54, 63, 65, 72, 91, 100–1, 105–7, 110, 121, 140, 150, 154 animals, v–vii, 1–5, 7–13, 15–18, 20, 22, 24–25, 27–28, 30, 32–33, 35–36, 43–48, 50, 53, 55–56, 58, 73, 81, 85–88, 124, 129–30, 132, 134, 143, 148, 153 a. rights, 2, 3 theories of, 2 anthropocentric, v–viii, 2–4, 9, 11–14, 16, 22, 29, 34, 37–38, 45, 49–53, 56, 57–59, 61–62, 67, 72, 79, 81–83, 88–89, 121, 131, 134, 143–44, 147–48, 150, 156 a. ethics, 3, 9, 12–13, 29, 34, 37 a. value theories, v appraisal, 47, 98, 100, 111, 113, 131 arbitrary, v, 20, 77, 97, 99, 117, 127, 141 arguments extension, vii, ix, 7–8, 13–15, 17, 22, 24–31, 35, 45, 56, 79, 88, 105, 123, 133–34, 139, 144, 148, 156 from marginal cases, 7, 8, 53 Aristotle, Aristotelian, 20, 44, 46, 50, 91–93, 96, 100, 102, 105–6, 116, 120, 154, 157 art, 42, 68, 121, 136 atomism, 151 attitude(s), 60 attributes, 1, 3, 91 autonomy, vi, ix, 50, 157 axiology, axiological, 8–9, 15–16, 19, 34, 36, 38, 43, 50–51, 156 a. ethic, 8, 36, 38 basis, vi, 1, 3–5, 7–8, 13, 16, 20, 22–23, 25, 29–31, 34–35, 38, 50–51, 53, 56–58, 61–62, 68, 75, 79–80, 83, 86, 88, 96, 109, 117, 119, 123, 125, 130–31, 133, 140, 143–49, 151, 155–57 bearer, v, 3, 5–6, 8, 10–11, 23, 27–28, 39, 44, 50–51, 81–85, 88, 96, 98, 111, 120, 130, 146, 156 of rights, v of values, 3, 55 beauty, beautiful, 29, 39–40, 44, 51, 76, 136–37, 145, 147 INDEX 215 behavior, behaviorism, 22, 30–31, 72–73, 77, 80–81, 83–88, 92–93, 96, 104, 122, 132–33, 153–55 being, vi, 4, 6–7, 10, 12, 15–16, 21–24, 26, 31, 43, 48, 52–53, 58, 60, 63, 69, 71–73, 75, 78, 82–84, 88, 91, 93–95, 98, 100, 107, 109, 120, 126, 137, 148, 155 belief, 52, 60, 78, 82, 102 benefit-cost analysis, (BCA) 52 Bentham, Jeremy, 8–9 Bentley, Arthur, viii–x, 153–55 biocentric theories, 2 Biodiversity, 133 biology, biological, 13, 25, 29–30, 37, 72, 74, 79, 82–84, 86, 128–29, 139 b. nature, 72 biosphere, v–vi, 1–2, 15–17, 20, 27, 30, 32, 38, 50, 58, 85, 88, 128–29, 132–33, 138, 152 biotic community, -ies, 11, 14–16, 20, 22–25, 27–31, 35–37 body, 72–75, 81–82, 86, 94 Bowers, C. A., 57, 59–61, 89 bringing about (ends/values).* See value, Dewey's theory of, as “bringing about” Callicott, J. Baird, vi, viii, 1, 7, 9–42, 45–51, 53–56, 58–59, 65, 121, 123–24, 134–35, 140, 146, 148, 152 capacity, v, 2, 26, 40, 54, 136 care, 22, 25, 114, 135, 137 caring for, 83, 86–87, 95, 125–26, 129, 131–32, 139 Cartesian, 12, 14–15, 17, 19, 37–38, 49, 54, 63–65, 68, 71, 73–74, 79, 82, 89, 108, 120, 124, 144, 148–51, 153. See also Descartes cause(s), 69–70, 76, 83, 93, 104, 107, 110, 112, 114, 116, 143, 146 c. and effect, 69–70, 76, 104, 107 change(s), vi, ix, xi, 9, 15–16, 19, 23, 47, 68–69, 71, 76–78, 84, 104, 108, 111, 120, 123, 125–28, 141, 153 character, 2, 17, 21–23, 26, 34, 47, 55, 69–72, 74–75, 81, 87, 99, 104, 106, 108, 110–11, 113, 115, 117–20, 129, 146 c. of nature, 69 choice, 48, 94, 97, 113, 116, 136 circumstances, 35, 44, 47, 64, 78, 95, 97–100, 102, 106, 111–13, 115–16, 119, 121–22, 153 cognitivism, 145 coherentist, ix–x communication, 79, 87, 133 social, 72 community...