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xi Acknowledgments This study was made possible by a solicited grant from the United States Institute of Peace in September 1994. I would like to thank the Institute for its support and patience. Greg Rasmussen carried out research on half of the cases examined in this study—Belgium, the first Bosnia case, the Memel, and Cyprus—and he also critiqued profiles that I subsequently prepared on the first three of these cases. In late 1994 and early 1995 Rasmussen was a virtual collaborator on this study, and it is a pleasure to recall the great stimulation I received in working with him. Richard Betts, Alexander George, and I. William Zartman kindly provided comments and critiques on earlier drafts of this study. I alone am responsible for the result. From the beginning of this project, Nancy St. Martin has translated my rough drafts into clean copy with enormous efficiency and unfailing good cheer. The Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin has kindly permitted me to reproduce on the cover of this study a 1881 painting by Anton von Werner, “The Congress of Berlin.” I would like to thank Klaus Goken for photographing the painting, and Ulla Harmsen for makng the reproduction available for my use. Two cartoons by Bill Mauldin used here (“Well, Gentlemen . . . Time to Be at Each Other’s Throats” (1946); and “I’m Merely Withdrawing My Congo Support” (1961)) have been provided from the Mauldin Collection in the Prints and Photographs Division of the Library of Congress, Washington , D.C. (LC-USZ62, CD-1/Mauldin, nos. 267 and 713). A third Mauldin cartoon (“Good Heavens! I’d Swear I Heard One of the Pieces Groan!” has been taken from a Mauldin book, Back Home (New York: William Sloane, 1947), page 296. These three cartoons are copyright 1946, 1961, and 1947, respectively , by Bill Mauldin. They are reproduced with permission for this publication in this medium only. Copying or reproduction without written permission of the Estate of William H. Mauldin is prohibited. Jonathan M. Gordon and Valerie Verdugo facilitated use of these cartoons on behalf of the Estate of Bill Mauldin. Portions of chapter 9 of this study were published earlier in different form in the journal Global Society. I am grateful to the Canadian Defense College for the opportunity to present ideas in this study and to receive feedback. Finally, my wife JoAnn, and my children Mitzi and Benjamin, backed this project with plenty of emotional support. xii Acknowledgments ...

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