Race, Ethnicity, and the Politics of City Redistricting: Minority-Opportunity Districts and the Election of Hispanics and Blacks to City Councils

Tables and Figures

Ta b l e s a n d F i g u r e s T A B L E S 2.1 Relationship between number of seats and percentage share of districts that are minority-opportunity based on 15 percent minority population 3.1 Political sensitivity of constructing a single minority-opportunity district based on residential segregation and number of council seats 3.2 Incumbency and level of representation as an explanation for the expansion in percent of minority districts 3.3 Variation in the absolute number of council districts as an explanation for incumbent support of additional minority districts 4.1 Variables and data sources 5.1 Number of cities examined, theoretical maximal number of districts , and actual number of districts adopted by minority status and by voting-age population threshold 5.2 Proportion of a city’s districts that may be theoretically minorityopportunity and proportion of a city’s districts that are actually minority-opportunity by minority status and voting-age population threshold 5.3 Regression coefficient estimates for the relationship between system aptitude and the presence of minority-opportunity districts by minority status and voting-age population threshold 5.4 Regression coefficient estimates of the specifying variable political tenability on the first general relationship 5.5 Regression coefficient estimates of the specifying variable vested advocacy on the first general relationship v i i 10 19 25 26 45 52 55 57 60 64 5.6 Regression coefficient estimates of the specifying variable divested advocacy on the first general relationship 5.7 Regression coefficient estimates of the specifying variable preclearance on the first general relationship 5.8 Regression coefficient estimates of the specifying variable court intervention on the first general relationship 6.1 Number of cities examined, number of districts that have been adopted as minority-opportunity, and number of elected minority officials by minority status, voting-age population threshold, and election 6.2a Proportion of a city’s districts that have been adopted as Hispanic minority-opportunity and proportion of a city’s council that is Hispanic by voting-age population threshold and election 6.2b Proportion of a city’s districts that have been adopted as black minority-opportunity and proportion of a city’s council that is black by voting-age population threshold and election 6.3 Regression coefficient estimates for the election of Hispanics during the three elections following the 1990 round of redistricting by VAP threshold 6.4 Regression coefficient estimates for the election of blacks during the three elections following the 1990 round of redistricting by VAP threshold 6.5 Regression coefficient estimates of the specifying variable resource disparity on the second general relationship for the three elections subsequent to the 1990 round of redistricting 6.6 Regression coefficient estimates of the specifying variable partisan elections on the second general relationship for the three elections subsequent to the 1990 round of redistricting 6.7 Regression coefficient estimates of the specifying variable district population density on the second general relationship for the three elections subsequent to the 1990 round of redistricting 7.1 Summary of findings for variables conditioning the first general relationship 7.2 Summary of findings for variables conditioning the second general relationship v i i i Race, Ethnicity, and the Politics of City Redistricting 68 72 74 78 80 81 83 85 86 92 94 101 103 F I G U R E S 2.1 Maximal percentage of all districts that may be constructed as minority-opportunity provided number of districts and pe centage black citywide population 3.1 Residential segregation and minimum size of minority population necessary to construct a tenable minority-opportunity district 4.1 Illustration of hypothesized relationships 7.1 Probability of electing a districted Hispanic council member based on the percentage of the district’s residents that are of Hispanic voting-age 7.2 Probability of electing a districted black council member based on the percentage of the district’s residents that are of black voting-age 7.3 Percent black population and percent districted seats with black representatives by all cities in study and by region 7.4 Percent Hispanic population and percent districted seats with Hispanic representatives by all cities in study and by region Ta b l e s a n d F i g u r e s i x 12 21 42 105 106 107 108 ...