The Bear River Massacre and the Making of History

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THE BEAR RIVER MASSACRE AND THE MAKING OF HISTORY KASS FLEISHER State University of New York Press This work contains materials reprinted with the permission of the University of Utah Press and the National Park Service. Two sections from Chapter 10 were published in another form in the American Book Review. Cover photo of Bear River Massacre roadside sign used by permission of the National Park Service. Published by State University of New York Press, Albany© 2004 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, address State University of New York Press, 90 State Street, Suite 700, Albany, NY 12207 Production by Marilyn P. Semerad Marketing by Fran Keneston Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fleisher, Kass, 1959– The Bear River Massacre and the making of history / Kass Fleisher. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7914-6063-0 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7914-6064-9 (pb : alk. paper) 1. Bear River Massacre, Idaho, 1863. 2. Shoshoni Indians—Wars, 1863–1865. 3. Connor, P. E. (Patrick Edward), 1820–1891. I. Title. E83.863.F54 2004 973.7—dc22 2003059617 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For Joe Amato, yokefellow, and all survivors In Memoriam: Helen Eyler Wolford, 1908–85 Fellow citizens, we can not escape history. —Abraham Lincoln, Message to Congress, December 1, 1862 (59 days before the Bear River Massacre) ...