Biological Anthropology and Ethics: From Repatriation to Genetic Identity

Contents

Contents Acknowledgments ix 1. Introduction: Ethical Concerns in Biological Anthropology Trudy R. Turner 1 2. Field Primatologists: Duties, Rights, and Obligations Linda D. Wolfe 15 3. Studies of Primates in the Field and in Captivity: Similarities and Differences in Ethical Concerns Leanne T. Nash 27 4. Habituating Primates for Field Study: Ethical Considerations for African Great Apes Michele L. Goldsmith 49 5. Biological Samples in the Modern Zoological Park: A Case Study from the Bronx Zoo Cathi Lehn 65 6. Commentary: Ethical Issues Surrounding the Use of Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research Jay Kaplan 79 7. Ethical Issues in the Molding and Casting of Fossil Specimens Janet M. Monge and Alan E. Mann 91 8. The Ethics of Bioarchaeology Clark Spencer Larsen and Phillip L. Walker 111 9. Ethical Concerns in Forensic Anthropology Heather Walsh-Haney and Leslie S. Lieberman 121 10. Commentary: A Discussion of Ethical Issues in Skeletal Biology Susan C. Antón 133 vii Published by State University of New York Press, Albany© 2005 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, address State University of New York Press, 90 State Street, Suite 700, Albany, NY 12207 Production by Diane Ganeles Marketing by Anne M. Valentine Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Biological anthropology and ethics : from repatriation to genetic identity / edited by Trudy R. Turner. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7914-6295-1 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7914-6296-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Physical anthropology. 2. Anthropological ethics. 3. Human genetics—Moral and ethical aspects. 4. Human population genetics. 5. Human remains (Archaeology)—Repatriation. I. Turner, Trudy, R. 1950– GN62.B55 2004 599.9—dc22 2004042981 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 In memory of my parents Harry and Fay Turner who survived a world where ethics were forgotten viii Contents 11. Ethical Issues in Human Biology Behavioral Research and Research with Children Sara Stinson 139 12. Institutional Review Boards: The Structural and Cultural Obstacles Encountered in Human Biological Research Stacy Zamudio 149 13. Darkness in El Dorado: Claims, Counter-Claims, and the Obligations of Researchers Trudy R. Turner and Jeffrey D. Nelson 165 14. A Case Study of Ethical Issues in Genetic Research: The Sally Hemings-Thomas Jefferson Story Sloan R. Williams 185 15. Psychological and Ethical Issues Related to Identity and Inferring Ancestry of African Americans Cynthia E. Winston and Rick A. Kittles 209 16. The Consent Process and aDNA Research: Contrasting Approaches in North America Dennis H. O’Rourke, M. Geoffry Hayes, and Shawn W. Carlyle 231 17. Working with ancient DNA: NAGPRA, Kennewick Man, and Other Ancient Peoples Frederika A. Kaestle and David G. Smith 241 18. Commentary: Changing Standards of Informed Consent: Raising the Bar Jonathan S. Friedlaender 263 19. Commentary: An Overview of Human Subjects Research in Biological Anthropology Jeffrey C. Long 275 20. Commentary: Data Sharing and Access to Information Trudy R. Turner 281 Appendix I. Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association 289 Appendix II. Code of Ethics of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists 299 List of Contributors 309 Index 317 Contents ix Acknowledgments In February 1999, nearly fifty people, including anthropologists, geneticists involved in studies of human diversity, ethicists and attorneys specializing in genetic and biomedical issues, and member of some of the involved communities participated in a workshop in Milwaukee entitled “Anthropology, Genetic Diversity and Ethics.” The aim of the workshop was to discuss research on genetics in diverse, identified populations. Workshop participants engaged in frank discussions of the issues and were able to reach consensus on some of the practices that facilitate this type of research, including the need for trust between the researcher and the individuals in the study. All the participants in the workshop recognized that the steps we were taking at the workshop were necessary beginning steps. Discussions of ethics in both anthropological genetics and our discipline as a whole needed to be extended and expanded. This recognition led directly...