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269 CHAPTER 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1. The Technical Advisory Network (TAN) was comprised of experts representing fields including anthropology, sociology, statistics, educational research, mathematics, and science education in addition to USI site-representatives who assisted us at both planning and research implementation levels. CHAPTER 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF DISTRICT AND SCHOOL LEADERSHIP 1. Identifiers were used for all participants in our research. The first two letters refer to the participant’s city, and the number identifies the individual. CHAPTER 4. PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SYSTEMIC REFORM 1. For details about Schools around the World, visit www.s-a-w.org. Notes 2. District-level experts were asked to determine the level of intensity at which schools in our study were implementing the USI reforms. Although each site used different criteria to determine school reform level designations, each site considered the participation of teachers from a school in USI professional development activities and, to some extent, the principals’ support of the reform agenda. CHAPTER 5. INSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE CLASSROOMS 1. The Survey of Classroom Practices is part of the Study of the Enacted Curriculum, an instrument designed and developed by a collaborative effort among the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), National Institute for Science Education (NISE) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Science Foundation (NSF), and participating states. More information can be obtained from the CCSSO Web site: www.ccsso.org. 2. Names of teachers are pseudonyms. 270 MEANINGFUL URBAN EDUCATION REFORM ...

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