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List of Figures
- University of Ottawa Press
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- Additional Information
xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Peter Fidler’s sketch of the playing ground in the Gap (Hudson’s Bay Company Archives,Archives of Manitoba, E.3/2, fo. 17) ..................1 Figure 2 Study area (maps adapted from Natural Resources Canada 2002, 2009)...................2 Figure 2.1 Tchung-kee, a Mandan Game Played with a Ring and Pole, ca. 1832-1833, by George Catlin (Smithsonian American Art Museum, gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr., acc. no. 1985.66.431) .....................................................36 Figure 2.2 Wheel used in Piikáni hoop-and-arrow game (from Culin 1907: 448) ..................39 Figure 2.3 “Wheel and Arrow Game” (from McClintock 1910: 393).....................................41 Figure 2.4 Chualpays Playing at Alcoloh, ca. 1851-1856, by Paul Kane (National Gallery of Canada, acc. no. 60)...............................................................48 Figure 2.5 Ntlakyapamuk gaming hoop, 2-4½” diameter, (left; Culin 1907, fig. 641), Umatilla gaming hoop, 4” (centre; Culin 1907, fig. 645), and Apsáalooke gaming hoop, 2½” (right; Culin 1907, fig. 663)......................................................49 Figure 2.6 Geographic distribution of hoop styles from historic and ethnographic accounts of the hoop-and-pole game, following DeBoer (2001)............................50 Figure 2.7 Flathead Indians Playing Ring, a Popular Men’s Gambling Game, ca. 1854, by Gustavus Sohon (National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution MS #385690) ..................................................................51 Figure 2.8 Detail of Fidler’s sketch of Old Man’s Playing Ground showing the effigy of a fletched arrow passing through a small, spokeless hoop (Hudson’s Bay Company Archives,Archives of Manitoba, E.3/2, fo. 17).................53 Figure 2.9 Conceptualization of Old Man’s Playing Ground, following Fidler’s 1792 sketch...55 Figure 2.10 Predicted distribution of commodities by down-the-line and directional trade (after Janetski 2002; Renfrew 1977).......................................................................59 Figure 3.1 The foothills meet the Livingstone Range in an abrupt transition at the east end of the Oldman Gap.................................................................................64 Figure 3.2 Donald King’s sketch map of the area examined by the Glenbow Foundation Archaeological Survey in 1960 for traces of the playing ground (King 1960, p. 16, GA M2105-4).............................................................................................67 Figure 3.3 Richard Forbis excavating at DlPo-8 in 1960 (GA C140/2)..................................68 Figure 3.4 Bulldozed high terrace at the south end of the Gap in 1960, view south. (GA C140/9)........................................................................................................68 Figure 3.5 Surface disturbance on the high terrace in 1960, view north. (GA C140/11) ........69 Figure 3.6 Aerial view of The Gap of the Oldman River (Reeves and Dormaar 1972: fig. 2; Alberta Government Photo 1388-4938/4808-83).......................................71 Figure 3.7 Gap of the Oldman River.View west from Thunder Mountain (Reeves and Dormaar 1972: fig. 3) .....................................................................................72 Figure 3.8 Utility box (1), pin flags (2) and spray paint (3) “Lantern Tree” (4), and a rock alignment (5) (1999)...................................................................................75 Figure 3.9 Cairn and modern debris at the base of the Lantern Tree......................................77 Figure 3.10 LiDAR-generated DTM of the Oldman Gap (DTM courtesy Robin Woywitka,Archaeological Surey of Alberta)...............................................78 Figure 3.11 DTM of low terrace with Fidler’s sketch of Old Man’s Playing Ground overlain to scale (DTM courtesy Robin Woywitka,Archaeological Surey of Alberta)..........79 xiv Figure 3.12 View north of low flat from edge of high terrace, October 2008...........................80 Figure 3.13 “Looking Down the Livingstone Gap. Oldman River,” 1922 (Alberta Government, SRD 2011a).......................................................................81 Figure 3.14 “The GapYears Ago,” 1926 (Alberta Government, SRD 2011b)............................82 Figure 3.15 Daily discharge for the Oldman River at the Gap (measuring station 05AA021)...85 Figure 3.16 Location of soil profiles and boreholes made during October 2009 geomorphic assessment .........................................................................................86 Figure 3.17 Profile A, soil exposure from river cut at midpoint of landform.............................87 Figure 3.18 Profile C, soil exposure from river cut at the north end of the landform ...............88 Figure 3.19 Calibrated plot for date from charcoal of 790 ± 20 14C yr. B.P. retrieved from Soil Core B at a depth of 35 cm in centre of flat ..........................................90 Figure 3.20 Cross-section of Oldman River across landform (right), drawn from LiDAR contour map, showing progressive stages of discharge ............................................91 Figure 3.21 River flow at the south end of the Gap at successive stages ...................................92 Figure 3.22 Postulated composite cross-section of floodplain stratigraphy across low terrace (following Brakenridge 1988: 147)........................................................................93 Figure 4.1 Location of trenches and shovel tests excavated on low terrace (contour map courtesy Robin Woywitka,Archaeological Survey...