Writing the Gettysburg Address: Writing the Gettysburg Address

Notes

Notes Abbreviations ACHS Adams County Historical Society Collected Works The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955). GNMP Gettysburg National Military Park Archives Lincoln Papers, LOC Papers of Abraham Lincoln, Library of Congress LOC Library of Congress MSHS Massachusetts State Historical Society Introduction: The Mysteries of the Manuscript 1. William Makepeace Thayer, The Character and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States (Boston: Dinsmoor, 1864), 17. 2. Barry Schwartz presents a tendentious definition of “post-heroic” politics; Schwartz, Lincoln in the Post-heroic Era (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 7; see also Barry Schwartz, “The New Gettysburg Address: A Study in Illusion ,” in The Lincoln Forum: Rediscovering Abraham Lincoln, ed. John Y. Simon and Harold Holzer (New York: Fordham University Press, 2001). 3. Edwin Sparks, “The Long Story of a Short Oration,” Dial, November 16, 1906, 320–321; James G. Randall, Lincoln the President, 4 vols. (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1945–1955), 2: 303. Benjamin P. Thomas notes that the only thing proven about the speech is “the existence of disagreement and uncertainty”; Thomas, Portrait for Posterity: Abraham Lincoln and His Biographers (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1947), 241. 249 4. William E. Barton, Lincoln at Gettysburg: What He Intended to Say; What He Said; What He Was Reported to Have Said; What He Wished He Had Said (Indianapolis , Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1930); Gabor Boritt, The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008); Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life, 2 vols. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008); A. E. Elmore, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address: Echoes of the Bible and Book of Common Prayer (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009); Frank L. Klement, The Gettysburg Soldier’s Cemetery and Lincoln’s Address : Aspects and Angles (Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane, 1993); Louis A. Warren , Lincoln’s Gettysburg Declaration: “A New Birth of Freedom” (Fort Wayne, Ind.: Lincoln National Life Foundation, 1964); Carl F. Wieck, Lincoln’s Quest for Equality: The Road to Gettysburg (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2002); Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992); Douglas Wilson, Lincoln’s Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words (New York, Knopf: 2006). 5. See Martin Johnson, “Who Stole the Gettysburg Address?” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 24, no. 2 (Summer 2003): 2–19. 6. Lincoln to Edwin Stanton, December 23, 1863, in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, 9 vols. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953–1955), 7: 88 (hereafter Collected Works). 7. John R. Neff, Honoring the Civil War Dead: Commemoration and the Problem of Reconciliation (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 8, 222; see also James L. Huston, “The Lost Cause of the North: A Reflection on Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and the Second Inaugural,” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 33, no. 1 (Winter 2012): 14–37. 8. The reference is to the subtitle of Garry Wills, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America; see also Merrill D. Peterson, Lincoln in American Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Barry Schwartz, Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000). 9. “The Fourth of March,” Harper’s Weekly, March 11, 1865; Edward J. Blum, Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005); Andre M. Fleche, The Revolution of 1861: The American Civil War in the Age of Nationalist Conflict (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012); Melinda Lawson, Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005). 10. On secession as one implication of popular sovereignty, see Christopher Childers, The Failure of Popular Sovereignty: Slavery, Manifest Destiny, and the Radicalization of Southern Politics (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012), 273. 11. The July 30, 1863, Order of Retaliation stated, “It is the duty of every government to give protection to its citizens, of whatever class, color, or condition”; Collected Works, 6: 357. General Order 329 enforced compulsory compensated 250 notes to pages 2–7 emancipation on all slave owners, loyal or rebel, if draft quotas were not met; The War of the Rebellion: The Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, series 3, 5 vols. (Washington, D.C...