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253 Subject Index Alon, Gedalyahu, 41, 126 am ha-aretz. See People of the Land Aretaeus of Cappadocia, 143 Ariès, Philippe, 105 artifacts (kelim), im/purity of, 49–50, 64, 69; as extensions of the body, 9, 15, 75–78, 80–82, 84 (see also body); usability, role of in purity system, 75–76, 79–84, 88, 123, 127 Aristotle, 143 askesis, 150, 162–64, 169, 176. See also meditatio attention, 15–16, 151, 154, 165–71, 173, 175–79 Bar Kokhva revolt, 5 barriers (hatzitzah) in immersion, 66, 69–73, 208n79, 208n82, 208n84, 209n89. See also immersion Bartsch, Shadi, 150, 162 Baumgarten, Joseph, 31 biblical purity laws, 1, 5–6, 17–23, 28–29, 32–35, 40–41, 45, 52, 76, 100, 116, 128, 181–82; derivation of rabbinic purity system from, 1–6, 15, 18–19, 24–30, 32–35, 44–45, 53–54, 56–57, 78–79, 83–84, 86–87, 95, 99–100, 104, 106, 113, 116, 126–29, 139, 180–84. See also Priestly Code birth, 20, 22, 27, 159 blood, 26, 86, 91, 99, 102–6, 108–9, 112, 114, 217n27, 218n37. See also genital discharge, blood (non-menstrual); genital discharge, blood (menstrual) body, 2, 5–6, 8–9, 11–12, 15–16, 35, 39, 50–53, 55–63, 68–75, 77–78, 85, 94, 98–99, 133–37, 163, 173–74, 183; fluidity of boundaries and modularity of, 52, 55–66, 69, 73, 146, 173. See also artifacts (kelim), as extensions of the body; corpse impurity bones, 99–114, 218nn36–37. See also corpse impurity Boyarin, Daniel, 8 Büchler, Adolf, 126–27 carcasses: of dead animals, 20–21, 25, 53, 76–78, 97, 132; of dead creeping and crawling creatures , 20- 21, 37, 97 “carriage.” See transmission and contraction of impurity Carson, Anne, 146 categorical purity (insusceptibility to impurity), 49, 67, 76–80, 86–87, 122. See also Gentiles, insusceptibility to impurity; stone, function in purity system; visibility, implications of for im/purity Cicero, 169 Christianity, 138, 148–49, 183, 186n16, 202n1, 215n88, 226n55, 235n2 Community Rule, 194n37, 195n50. See also Qumran and Qumranic texts contraction of impurity. See transmission and contraction of impurity 254 Subject Index Gentiles, 16, 38, 122–47, 139–40, 145–46, 152–54, 165, 226n61; as sources of impurity, 16, 25, 124–31, 139, 147, 152–54, 194n37; insusceptibility to impurity, 16, 122–31, 133–35, 137–39, 146, 224n31. See also person/hood; subject/ivity graded system of impurity, 28–30, 35, 53–56, 98, 100–104, 106, 109–10. See also transmission and contraction of impurity Graham, Emma-Jayne, 105 graves and graveyards, 33, 100, 110–11, 113–14, 118–21, 202n2, 225n45. See also corpse impurity Graeco-Roman medical discourse, 52–53, 56–57, 146, 173–74 Hadot, Pierre, 11, 162, 169 Halberstam, Chaya, 159 hands, impurity of, 31, 59–60, 62, 166–67; washing of, 31, 57, 156, 166, 171, 182, 200n108 hatzitzah. See barriers in immersion haqpada. See fastidiousness Hayes, Christine, 127–28, 130–31 heave-offering (terumah), 29–30, 38, 40–41, 54, 59, 64, 173 heset. See transmission and contraction of impurity , through “shift” hidden place (bet ha-starim). See visibility, implications of for im/purity Himmelfarb, Martha, 26 holy articles (qodesh), 29, 40, 52, 97, 153, 175 houses, im/purity of, 21–22, 24–26, 31, 49, 107, 125, 154–55 immersion, 20–22, 24, 36, 52, 60–61, 63–64, 66, 68–74, 76, 78, 156, 166, 200n108, 230n15. See also barriers intention (kavanah), role of in purity system, 15, 76, 88–93, 95, 148, 183 intercourse. See transmission and contraction of impurity, through sexual intercourse Isaac, Benjamin, 145–46 Jesus, 31, 57, 186n16 Josephus, 23, 194n37, 195n43, 196n61, 215n89 kashrut, 1, 21, 31, 87, 115–16 Ker, James, 163 Klawans, Jonathan, 48, 127, 129 Kristeva, Julia, 17, 98 Kuthians. See Samaritans Laqueur, Thomas, 146 Leder, Drew, 66 conversion to Judaism, 123–24, 132–37, 152 corpse impurity, 6, 15–16, 20–22, 24–26, 31–33, 53, 59, 64–65, 78, 96–121, 127–28, 132, 153, 184, 202n2. See also blood; bones; flesh (from a corpse); rot (raqav) impurity Crislip, Andrew, 163 Cuffel, Alexandra, 125 Damascus Document, 194n37, 195n50. See also Qumran and Qumranic texts Dead Sea Scrolls. See Qumran and Qumranic texts doubtful impurity (safeq tum’a), 36–40, 42–44, 46, 158 Douglas, Mary, 52, 122 duplication of impurity. See liquids, transmission and duplication of impurity by; transmission and contraction of impurity Eilberg...