313 Index Abdulla, Hafiz, 51 Abhinava Bharat (London), 36 Aboj, Mahadev, 254n155 Achar Singh (Cheema), 151 Acharya, M. P. T.: and Berlin India Committee, 73; and Egyptian nationalism, 265n38; and German-Ottoman Pan-Islamist initiatives, 178; and Gill, 272n17; and Indian Committee in Stockholm, 263n4; and Irish independence movement, 104; and muhajirin, 172, 204–5; and Pan-Islamism, 170, 171, 172, 202, 283n21 ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 67–68 Ad Dharm, 234, 235 Adaj, Mahadev, 262n102 Afghani, 222, 263n6 Afghanistan: and Communist Ghadar, 145, 276n120; and Hijrat movement, 202; and Pan-Islamist Ghadar, 185–86; Silk Letters plot, 185–89, 286–87nn84,93,95. See also Provisional Government of India Agarche, 183, 285n68 Ahmad, Abdul, 185 Ahmad, Aziz, 296nn122,126 Ahmad, Kabir, 202 Ahmad, Muzaffar, 186 Ahmad, Rafiq, 202, 203, 214, 216–17, 228, 291nn27,31,35, 294n91. See also muhajirin Ahmed, Habib, 209, 210, 212–13, 214, 294n91 Ahmed, Mansur, 74, 178, 182 Ahmed, Muzaffar, 125, 216–17, 217, 291n27 Ailan-i-Jang (Bhagwan Singh), 159, 253n123 Aiyar, V. V. S., 264n11; and Egyptian nationalism , 99, 265n38; on Italy, 102; and Pan-Islamism, 170, 172, 283n21; and Savarkar, 265n47 Ajit Singh: and Berlin India Committee, 73; and Bhagat Singh, 158; and British colonial policies, 18; and early North American activists, 25; and German-Ottoman Pan-Islamist initiatives, 285n69; Ghadardi -Gunj on, 43; and Ghadar movement pre-World War I activism, 39; and Jodh Singh, 84; and Pacific Coast Hindi Association, 32; and Pan-Islamism, 170–71, 172; and South America, 150, 280n200 Akali Dal, 44, 45, 153, 253n135, 271n16, 279n172 Akhwat, 176 el-Alaily, Hamid, 100 El Alam, 99 Albayan, 197 Aldred, Guy, 67 Ali, Muhammed, 185, 216, 295n96 Ali, Yusuf, 297n137 Alien Bill (1920) (United States), 135 Alien Land Law (1913) (California), 24–25 Alien Land Laws (1920) (United States), 127 Alienation of Land Act (1901) (India), 18 314 index Allen, Charles W., 88 Amar Singh, 38, 50, 53, 56, 59, 248n19 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 67–68 Amritsar massacre (1919), 90, 128, 235 anarchism, 6, 61 Anarchist Society of France, 68 Anderson, Benedict, 301n20 Anjuman-e-Khuddam-e-Kaaba, 177 Annie Larsen, 78–79 Ansari, K. H., 197, 202, 219, 226 anti-modernity, 120–21, 169, 270n126 anti-Untouchability movement, 234, 235 anticolonialism, multiple discourses in, 8–10, 241–42nn19,21–23 antideportation campaigns. See U.S. anti-immigrant policies Anusilan Samiti, 28 Arjan Singh (Gargaj), 157 Arya Samaj, 18 Asian Solidarity Society, 116 Asiatic Barred Zone, 25, 127 Asiatic Expulsion League, 25 Aurobindo, 39 Aydin, Cemil, 115, 116, 269nn107,109,120, 270n126 Azad, Abul Kalam, 168, 185, 215, 282n6, 294n87 Azad, Chandrasekhar, 281n214 Azad, Muhammed Singh. See Udham Singh Azad-e-Hind (Freedom of India) Party, 30–31 Aziz, Abdul, 220, 221, 286n78 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 241n19 Baku Congress (1920), 127, 167, 195, 199, 200–201 Balance Sheet of British Rule in India, 40, 112, 248n37 Baldwin, Roger, 67–68, 132 Balwant Singh, 48–49, 52, 55, 58, 82 Bande Mataram, and early North American activists, 26, 27 Banta Singh, 173 Barakatullah, Muhammed, 222–32; and Berlin India Committee, 73, 74, 225, 257n7; and Bolshevik appeals to Pan-Islamism, 197; and Communism, 124, 226–28, 298n151; and Dayal’s arrest, 47; death of, 228–29; early life of, 222–23; and German-Ottoman Pan-Islamist initiatives, 183, 225–26; Ghadar-di-Gunj on, 43; and Gill, 272n17; Hatano’s betrayal of, 224–25, 297nn139,140,142; and Indian Independence Party, 228, 299n162; on Indian National Congress, 299n168; and Irish independence movement, 104; and Khilafat movement, 224, 297n137; and Komagata Maru incident, 48–49; and muhajirin, 202, 204–5; and Pan-Asianism, 116, 223–24, 226, 230; and Pan-Islamism, 167, 169, 184, 186, 226, 229–30; and post-Ghadar Mutiny regrouping, 61; and Pratap, 146; “Proclamation of Liberty,” 229–32; and Provisional Government of India, 75, 226; and Silk Letters plot, 188; and World War I uprising, 251n79 Barbusse, Henri, 138 Bari, Abdul, 286n78 Bari Doab canal scheme, 18 Barooah, Nirode K., 74–75, 175, 177, 284n35 Barrier, Gerald, 41–42 Bashir, Muhammed (Abdur Rahim), 187, 286n78 Batavia-Calcutta arms importation scheme, 77–81, 82, 234, 258nn35,38,42,44, 259nn45,47,49,51,52 “Battle Cry” (MacSwiney), 110 Behari Lal, Gobind: and Berlin India Committee, 75; on Dayal, 246n65; and Egyptian nationalism, 265n40; on Ghadar movement pre-World War I activism, 34; on Ghadar publications, 37; and Ghadar term, 247n6; and Hindu-German Conspiracy Trial, 262n102; and post-Ghadar Mutiny regrouping, 60, 61; and...