California Indian Languages

CONTENTS

CONTENTS PREFACE ix PHONETIC ORTHOGRAPHY xiii PART ONE Introduction: Defining California as a Sociolinguistic Area 1.1 Diversity / 1 1.2 Tribelet and Language / 2 1.3 Symbolic Function of California Languages / 4 1.4 Languages and Migration / 5 1.5 Multilingualism / 6 1.6 Language Families and Phyla / 8 PART TWO History of Study Before Linguistics / 12 2.1 Earliest Attestations / 12 2.2 Jesuit Missionaries in Baja California / 12 2.3 Franciscans in Alta California / 14 2.4 Visitors and Collectors, 1780–1880 / 22 Linguistic Scholarship / 32 2.5 Early Research Linguistics, 1865–1900 / 32 2.6 The Kroeber Era, 1900 to World War II / 35 2.7 Independent Scholars, 1900–1940 / 42 2.8 Structural Linguists / 49 2.9 The Survey of California (and Other) Indian Languages / 53 2.10 The Contemporary Scene: Continuing Documentation and Research within and beyond the Academy / 58 PART THREE Languages and Language Families Algic Languages / 61 3.1 California Algic Languages (Ritwan) / 61 3.2 Wiyot / 62 3.3 Yurok / 65 Athabaskan (Na-Dene) Languages / 68 3.4 The Pacific Coast Athabaskan Languages / 68 3.5 Lower Columbia Athabaskan (Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai) / 69 3.6 Oregon Athabaskan Languages / 70 3.7 California Athabaskan Languages / 76 Hokan Languages / 82 3.8 The Hokan Phylum / 82 3.9 Karuk / 84 3.10 Chimariko / 87 3.11 Shastan Languages / 90 3.12 Palaihnihan Languages / 95 3.13 Yana / 100 3.14 Washo / 102 3.15 Pomo Languages / 105 3.16 Esselen / 112 3.17 Salinan / 114 3.18 Yuman Languages / 117 3.19 Cochimí and the Cochimí-Yuman Relationship / 125 3.20 Seri / 126 Penutian Languages / 128 3.21 The Penutian Phylum / 128 3.22 Takelma / 130 3.23 Klamath-Modoc / 133 3.24 Maiduan Languages / 136 3.25 Wintuan Languages / 140 VIII CONTENTS 3.26 Yokuts / 147 3.27 Miwok Languages / 156 3.28 Costanoan (Ohlone) Languages / 162 3.29 Utian / 168 Uto-Aztecan Languages / 169 3.30 Uto-Aztecan and Northern Uto-Aztecan / 169 3.31 Numic Languages / 170 3.32 Takic Languages / 178 3.33 Tubatulabal / 185 3.34 Giamina (Omomil) / 187 Languages of Uncertain Affiliation / 188 3.35 Yukian Languages / 188 3.36 Chumash Languages / 194 3.37 Southern Baja California Languages: Monqui, Waikuri, and Pericú / 200 PART FOUR Typological and Areal Features: California as a Linguistic Area Phonology / 204 4.1 Consonants / 204 4.2 Vowels / 207 4.3 Pitch Accent and Tone / 209 Grammar / 209 4.4 Morphological Processes / 209 4.5 Structural Patterns / 210 4.6 Case Marking / 211 4.7 Marking of Plurality / 213 4.8 Stem Derivation / 215 4.9 Switch Reference / 218 Linguistic Culture / 218 4.10 Numerals / 218 4.11 Names / 220 4.12 Diminutive and Other Expressive Symbolism / 223 4.13 Social and Situational Varieties / 226 4.14 Precontact Lexical Borrowing / 227 4.15 Postcontact Lexical Borrowing / 230 PART FIVE Linguistic Prehistory 5.1 The Oldest Stratum? Waikuri, Chumash, Yukian / 239 5.2 Hokan / 242 5.3 Penutian / 249 5.4 Uto-Aztecan / 254 5.5 Algic / 256 5.6 Athabaskan / 257 APPENDIX A. C. HART MERRIAM’S VOCABULARIES AND NATURAL HISTORY WORD LISTS FOR CALIFORNIA INDIAN LANGUAGES 259 APPENDIX B. MATERIALS ON CALIFORNIA INDIAN LANGUAGES IN THE PAPERS OF JOHN PEABODY HARRINGTON 273 APPENDIX C. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION SYSTEMS WIDELY USED IN CALIFORNIA INDIAN LANGUAGE MATERIALS 283 APPENDIX D. BASIC NUMERALS IN SELECTED CALIFORNIA LANGUAGES 287 NOTES 295 BIBLIOGRAPHY 323 INDEX 371 ...