Epigenetics: Linking Genotype and Phenotype in Development and Evolution

Index

439 INDEX accommodation of variation, 434 acetylation, 44, 50, 53–54, 140, 145, 147, 150, 153, 402 achaete-scute cluster (AS-C), 145 AciI, 73 Acoela, 124 activator-inhibitor process/model, 166–68 activators in activator-inhibitor models, 166–68 adaptation, 209, 321, 358 definition of, 359 direction of relative to the origin of variation, 17 and epigenetic inheritance, 34 through epigenetic interaction, 306 epigenetic phenomena as, 15 evolutionary causes of, 26 of gene effects, 362 and integration, 291 and morphological integration, 291 to novel predators, 343 and phenotypic plasticity, 321, 328, 351 relation to selection, 358 and selection, 26 adaptive decanalization, 368 adaptive landscape, 318, 321 adaptive phenotypic plasticity, 368 adaptive plasticity, 306, 310, 318, 331, 332 adaptive radiation, 318, 322, 330 of threespine stickleback, 322–23, 326–28 post-glacial radiation, 322 adaptive robustness, 371 adaptive topography, 295–97 adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), 414 adipocytes, 257 adrenal angiotensin receptor, 406 age and bone remodeling, 224 aging, 224, 405, 410 agouti mutation, 90, 92, 98, 404 airborne hydrocarbons, 409 algae, 126 Alk5, 187 alkaline phosphatase, 202 allergy, 408 Allium tuberosum, 97 allometry, 280, 321, 329 alpine newts, 167 alternation of haploid and diploid generations, 94 alternation of ploidy, 94 Alx-4, 211 Ambystoma mexicanum, 167–72 Ambystoma tigrinum, 171, 341 aminopterin, epigenetic effects of maternal exposure, 391 amniotes, apical ectodermal ridge, 250 amphibians, 107, 202, 239 limb development in, 249–50 pigment patterns, 167 Amphimixis, 89, 90 amphipod crustaceans, 120 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 257, 264–65 amystomatids, pigment patterns in, 167–75 androgens, 223 anencephaly, 208 aneuploidy, 98 angelfish, 168 Angelman Syndrome, 412 angiosperms, 57–58, 94 anisogamy, 94 Annelida, 124 annelids, 119 antennae, 129 antennipedia, 106 440 index anteversion angle, 297 antifungal fluconcazole, epigenetic effects of maternal exposure, 391 ants, 431 Anurans, limb development in, 244, 247–50 aorta, 183, 187, 188, 189 aortic arches (arteries), 182–85, 187 aortic outlet, 183, 184 aortic sac, 182 aorticopulmonary septation complex, 190 Aphelopus, 122 apical ectoderm (of limb), 239–42 apical ectodermal morphology comparative morphology of, 243–46 molecular pathways for, 242 apical ectodermal ridge (AER), 239–40 ambibians, 246 chicks, 246 comparative morphology of, 243–46 dolphins, 246 mice, 246 pigs, 246 teleosts, 246 vertebrates lacking an AER, 248–50 apomicty, 98 apomixis, 89, 94 apoptosis, 119, 207, 246, 250–51, 257, 386 appendiges, 129 aquatic vertebrates, loading of bone, 223 Arabidopsis thaliana, 45, 57, 58–59, 61, 74, 425 archaeocytes, 119 Aristotle, 9, 11 armadillos, 122 arrowworms, 119 arterial pole, 183, 187–89 arterioles, 184 Arthropoda, 124, 129 arthropods, 111, 112 articular cartilage, 229 artificial deformation in human skulls, 391 artiodactyls, 246 Asai, Rihito, 167 ascidians, 126, 127 Ascl1, 145, 148 asexual reproduction, 125 asexuality, 87–98 associative learning, 339 astrocytes, 138, 149, 150 astrocytogenesis, 149 astrogliogenesis, 149 astronauts and bone mass, 225 asymmetry evolution of, 344 and learning, 344 morphological, 215, 279 in shell morphology, 338 Atchley-Hall model, 276, 309 atrial septation, 188 atrioventricular cushions, 184 Aurelia aurita, 126 Australian lungfish, 182 Australopithecus aethiopicus, 283 Australopithecus africanus, 283 Australopithecus boisei, 284 autism, 152 autogamy, 88–89 automixis, 88, 89, 93, 94, 97 autonomic nervous system, 183 avascularity and bone development, 230 axin fused mouse, 404 axolotl, 167, 182, 248, 249 axonal projection, 152 BAGE (B melanoma antigen) genes, 79 Baldwin effect, 4, 318, 328, 330 basicranial angle, 428–29, 433 basicranium, 274, 275, 284 bats, 209 Beatty, John, 21–22, 27 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, 78, 410, 412–13 behavioral drive, 351 benthic–limnetic transition, 323–28 morphological correlates 328–332 Berg, R. L., 305 hypothesis, 305–6, 360 beta-cell dysfunction, 406 bHLH transcription factors, 146–48 bicephaly, 121 bilaterans, 129 binary flexible stem model, 330 biodiversity, 106 bioinformatics, 31 biological levers, 290 biology as a discipline, 117 biomechanical theory, 299 biomechanics of muscle contraction, 222 bipedalism, 433 bipolar disorder, 410 Bird, Adrian, 71 birds and bone remodeling, 224 birth weight, 405 bisulfite conversion, 74 bisulfite sequencing, 31, 71–72 bite force, 226, 299 blastocyst, 403–4 blastogenesis, 125, 126 blastula, 122 blood supply influence on bone remodeling, 228 index 441 BMP. See bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) BMP2. See bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) BMP4. See bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) body axis, 129–130 body size, 296, 299 body weight, influence on skeletal development, 225 bone cellular origin of, 196 and morphological asymmetry, 346–48 bone adaptation, 306, 312 bone apposition, 227 bone development, 195–216, 331 bone formation, 202 bone growth...