Notes
161 the erasUre of ottoman Palestine Second epigraph: Quoted in an interview with Samir Awad, grandson of Umbashi Awad, July 16, 2006. Awad was from the village of Anabta, and he fought in Suez and Gallipoli. 1. For a good selection of World War I soldiers’ diaries, see Edward Lengel’s “In the Trenches: The Soldier’s Experience in World War I,” which provides an extensive network of diaries from several World War I sites: http://wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/~egl2r/wwi.html (accessed November 22, 2008). For Ottoman sources, see Altay Atli, Turkey in the First World War, http://www.turkeyswar.com/campaigns/palestine1 .htm (accessed December 9, 2009). This site has an extensive section on Palestine. 2. Ashraf were the potentates of the city, claiming lineage from the Prophet Muhammad. 3. John Gerber, “Anton Pannekoek and the Quest for an Emancipatory Socialism,” New Politics, no. 5 (Summer 1988). 4. “The only war left for Prussia-Germany to wage will be a world war, a world war, moreover, of an extent and violence hitherto unimagined . Eight to ten million soldiers will be at each other’s throats and in the process they will strip Europe barer than a swarm of locusts. The notes 162 / Notes to Pages 8–11 depredations of the Thirty Years’ War compressed into three to four years and extended over the entire continent; famine, disease, the universal lapse into barbarism, both of the armies and the people, in the wake of acute misery; irretrievable dislocation of our artificial system of trade, industry and credit, ending in universal bankruptcy; collapse of the old states and their conventional political wisdom to the point where crowns will roll into the gutters by the dozen and no one will be around to pick them up; the absolute impossibility of foreseeing how it will all end and who will emerge as victor from the battle. Only one consequence is absolutely certain: universal exhaustion and the creation of the conditions for the ultimate victory of the working class. That is the prospect for the moment when the systematic development of mutual one-upmanship in armaments reaches its climax and finally brings forth its inevitable fruits.” Fredrick Engels, quoted by Gilbert Achcar in “Engels: Theorist of War, Theorist of Revolution,” International Socialism Journal, no. 97: 38. 5. Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha’s Men: Mehmed Ali, His Army, and the Making of Modern Egypt, Cambridge Middle East Studies 8 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). 6. Salah Issa, Rijal Raya wa Sekina: Sira Ijtima‘yya wa Siyasiyya (Cairo: Dar Al Ahmadi, 2002). 7. Ibid., 111–12. 8. Ibid. 9. For a history of these units, see Erik Jan Zürcher, “Ottoman Labour Battalions in World War I,” Working Papers Archive, Department of Turkish Studies, Leiden University, March 2002. 10. Khalil Totah and Omar Salih Barghouti, The History of Palestine (Jerusalem: 1920), 248–52. 11. On the “recruitment” of the labor battalions, see ibid., 249; Khalil Sakakini, Yawmiyyat, Rasa’il, Ta’amulat 1906–1948 [Khalil Sakakini, Diaries , Letters, Reflections 1906–1948], 8 vols. (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2006–2010), hereafter, Sakakini diary; Ihsan Turjman, war diary, Jerusalem 1915–16, unpublished diary manuscript, hereafter, Turjman diary. All citations, including page numbers, derive from the Arabic published version of the diary: Salim Tamari, ‘Am al Jarad: al Notes to Pages 11–15 / 163 Harb al Uthma wa Mahu al Madi al Uthmani fi Filastin (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2008). All chapter headings and subheadings are mine, except for the one heading Turjman provided on his birthday. Diary translated by Salim Tamari. 12. Omar Salih Barghouti, al-Marahil: Tarikh siyasi [Turning Points: A Political History] (Beirut: al-Mu’assasa al-‘Arabiyya li al-dirasat wa al-nashr, 2001), 192; and Jens Hanssen, “Public Morality and Marginality in Fin-de-siècle Beirut,” in Outside In: On the Margins of the Modern Middle East, ed. Eugene Rogan (London: I.B. Tauris, 2002), 186–89. 13. Totah and Barghouti, The History of Palestine, 253–54. 14. The works of Aziz Duri, Philip Khoury, Adel Mana, Abdul Karim Rafiq, Dina Rizek, and Rashid Khalidi come to mind. See most recently Muhammad ‘Afifi, ‘Arab wa ‘uthmaniyyun: ru’ya mughayira (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 2005). 15. Goncu quoted by Jonathan Gorvett, “The Forgotten Arabs of Gallipoli,” Al Jazira Net, January 14, 2004, http://english.aljazeera.net/ archive/2004/01/200849135129326810.html (accessed October 2007). 16. Sellers quoted in ibid., 3–4. 17. Ihsan’s exact birth date is unknown. I...
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