The General’s Slow Retreat: Chile after Pinochet

Notes

269 I n t r o d u c t i o n 1. El Mercurio, February 22, 2006. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations are mine. 2. Jorge Burgos, interview with author, London, England, July 2, 2007. 3. Patricio Rojas, interview with author, Santiago, Chile, October 24, 2007. 4. Quoted in Raquel Correa and Elizabeth Subercaseaux, Ego Sum Pinochet (Santiago: Editorial Zig Zag, 1989), p. 141. 5. Indicador de la Sociedad de la Información (ISI), 2009, study by Everis consulting company and the University of Navarra, Spain, http://www.everis .cl/Images/91936%20ISI%20DICIEMBRE%2009_tcm40–65345.pdf, accessed September 7, 2010. 6. Remarks by OECD Secretary General Angel Gurría on the accession of Chile to the organization, January 11, 2010, http://www.oecd.org/document/50/ 0,3343,en_21571361_44315115_44369330_1_1_1_1,00.html, accessed September 6, 2010. Notes 270 n o t e s t o pa g e s 5 – 15 7. Balance de la Delincuencia 2009, Fundación Paz Ciudadana, http://www .pazciudadana.cl/docs/pub_20100527153035.pdf, accessed September 5, 2010. 8. Marta Lagos, interview with author, Santiago, Chile, November 16, 2007. 9. www. Carabineros.cl, accessed November 14, 2007. 10. Isabel del Campo, interview with author, Santiago, Chile, October 23, 2007. 11. Juan Maureira, interview with author, Paine, Chile, November 7, 2007. 12. Genaro Roman, interview with author, Paine, Chile, October 14, 2007. 13. Author’s observation at meeting in Paine, Chile, November 7, 2007. 14. Author’s conversations with members of the Paine association of relatives of the disappeared, November 7, 2007. 15. http://ospped.blogspot.com/, accessed November 19, 2007. 16. Funa al Asesino de Victor Jara “Edwin Dimiter Bianchi” Buena, May 25, 2006, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UA9IGZMgoQc&feature=related, accessed October 17, 2007 and September 8, 2010. 17. http://www.globalpost.com/video/general/090310/defending-the -dictator-history-gets-rewrite-at-the-pinochet-museum, accessed March 11, 2009. C h a p t e r O n e 1. Author’s observations in Santiago, October 5–6, 1988. 2. The Chilean press reported the explosives were discovered at the La Serena airport on February 27, 1988. A declassified Central Intelligence Agency cable and a Department of Defense cable two days later analyzed the incident, citing Chilean Communist sources, and concluded the affair was a hoax. See the partially redacted cable “Denying Leftist Responsibility for Reported Assassination Attempt against Pinochet,” March 2, 1988, http://foia.state.gov/documents/ Pcia3/000092A7.pdf, and “Possible Government Hoax,” a partially redacted Defense Intelligence summary, March 4, 1988, http://foia.state.gov/documents/ Pdod3/000098C4.pdf. 3. Fernando Matthei, interview with author, Santiago, Chile, October 29, 2009. 4. Macroeconomic indicators from the Chilean Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank, http://www.minhda.cl/english/informacion_inversionista/ economic_information_macro.php. 5. Centro de Estudios Públicos, Encuesta Nacional de Opinión Pública Mayo– Junio 1988, Santiago, Chile, pp. 87, 88, and 93, http://www.cepchile.cl/dms/ lang_1/cat_443_pag_5.html, accessed March 12, 2008. 6. Estimates of the number of Chileans living in exile during the regime vary greatly. Alan Angell of Oxford University notes that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees put the figure at thirty thousand n o t e s t o pa g e s 15 – 2 2 271 while the Chilean-based support group, the Comite Pro-Retorno, put the figure as high as two hundred thousand. See Democracy after Pinochet: Politics, Parties and Elections in Chile (London: Institute for the Study of the Americas, 2006), p. 8. 7. For a complete account of the Pinochet regime’s efforts to assassinate its opponents abroad, see John Dinges, The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terror to Three Continents (New York: New Press, 2004). 8. Rafael Moreno, interview with the author, London, England, September 24, 2007. 9. Patricia Arancibia Clavel and Isabel de la Maza Cave, Matthei: Mi testimonio (Santiago: Random House Mondadori, 2003), pp. 402–403. 10. State Department cables, “Imminent Possibility of a Staged Coup,” September 30, 1988, http://foia.state.gov/documents/StateChile3/00007B33.pdf, and “Pinochet Determined to Use Violence on Whatever Scale Is Necessary,” October 2, 1988, http://foia.state.gov/documents/StateChile3/00007B46.pdf. 11. Ricardo Lagos, interview with author, Santiago, Chile, November 15, 2007. Stange also told the U.S. Embassy that several buses of the type used by carabineros had mysteriously disappeared prior to the plebiscite...