Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France

Notes

347 NOTES CHAPTER 1 1. Greeks generally preferred to use the name Celts (Keltoi) and Romans preferred the name Gauls (Galli, Gallati) to designate rather broadly the same set of peoples living north of the Mediterranean and the Alps in Western Europe (see chapter 4). The word Gaul (Gallia) was also used by the Romans to designate a geographic region (roughly modern France and northern Italy) that was smaller than the overall distribution of Celtic languages. Following the Roman conquest of this region, it was divided up into administrative provinces (Gallia Narbonensis, Gallia Lugdunensis, Gallia Aquitania, Gallia Belgica, Gallia Cisalpina). The term Celtic has been further complicated by its use in modern identity politics (see Chapman 1992; Collis 2003; Dietler 1994; James 1999). 2. For pragmatic rhetorical purposes, I use the term colonial encounter in this book to represent collectively what was a complex series of diverse encounters between a range of actors from different societies over a long period of time. 3. The earliest version of the tale is from a fragment (Frag. 549 Rose) attributed by Athenaeus (XIII.576) to a now missing Constitution of Massalia written by Aristotle . In Aristotle’s version, the Greek wayfarer was named Euxenos (meaning “good guest”), and the daughter of Nannos was called Petta. In Aristotle’s version , the proffered cup contained wine mixed with water, whereas in the other version it held water. Pompeius Trogus was a Roman historian of Gallic ancestry who recorded his more complete version of the tale in the late first century BCE. Unfortunately, his original text has also disappeared and survives only in a later epitome by Justin (XLIII.3). In interpreting the remarks of Pompeius Trogus concerning the consequences of the colonial experience, it is important to note 348 • N O T E S that he was a colonial subject writing in Latin with an interest in assimilating his own ancestry to Roman values. His standing as a Roman citizen derived from the conferral of this status on his grandfather by the Roman consul Pompey in exchange for mercenary service leading a troop of cavalry in the army Pompey raised to suppress a rebellion in Spain, and his father had served as a secretary for Julius Caesar (Justin XLIII.5). Establishing a deep pedigree of Greek civilizing influence, however spurious, for his own cultural roots would have served him well within the Hellenophilic world of elite Roman culture. 4. See Abu El-Haj 2001; Anderson 1991; Cohn 1996; Trigger 1984. 5. For example, see Chatterjee 1993; Prakash 1995; Young 2001. 6. For example, Bourdieu 2004; Lenoir 1997. 7. Bourdieu 2004; Bourdieu and Wacquant 1992. 8. See Aubet 1993; Dietler 1997, 2005a, 2007a; Dietler and López-Ruiz 2009; Lomas 2004a; Hodos 2006. 9. See Aubet 1993; Boardman 1980; Carratelli 1996; Dietler and López-Ruiz 2009; Graham 1983; Gras et al. 1995; Lomas 2004a; Tsetskhladze and De Angelis 1994. 10. Brun 1987; Dietler 1989, 1990a, 1995, 1999a, 2005a; Frankenstein and Rowlands 1978; Kimmig 1983; Wells 1980. 11. Punic is the Roman version of Phoenician, but the term is now conventionally used to differentiate things associated with Carthage rather than the original Phoenician city-states. 12. Cohn 1996. 13. See Derks 1998; Dietler 2004; Dondin-Peyre and Raepsaet-Charlier 1999; Roymans 2004; Wells 1999; Woolf 1998. 14. Dietler 1990b, 2005a. 15. For example, Dietler 1990b; Garcia 2004; Hodge 1998; Py 1993a. 16. For example, see Comaroff and Comaroff 1997; Cooper and Stoler 1997. 17. See Dietler 1990b, 2005a. 18. Two different systems of historical periodization are brought to bear on the colonial encounter in this region. The Early/Late Iron Age system, with multiple subdivisions based on changes in regional material culture styles, is used by archaeologists studying indigenous societies. Although several variants exist (see Dietler 1997, 2005a), the framework adopted here is based on the widely used scheme developed for southern France by Michel Py (1993a). Archaeologists studying Greeks and Etruscans generally employ the Archaic/Classical/Hellenistic temporal terminology developed in the eastern Mediterranean. Although the two systems do not coincide neatly, chronometric dating within the indigenous system is based largely on stylistic distinctions within Greek, Etruscan, and Roman ceramics that have been tied to historical events. 19. Ballantyne and Burton 2005; Comaroff 1985; Stoler 2002; Stoller 1994; Young 1995. N O T E S • 349 20. Dening 1980. 21. Pratt 1992. 22. Ferguson and Whitehead 1992. 23. White 1991. 24. Sahlins 1985...