Halakhah in the Making: The Development of Jewish Law from Qumran to the Rabbis

Notes

151 NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. Jacob Sussman, “The History of Halakhah and the Dead Sea Scrolls—Preliminary Observation on Miqsat Ma’ase Ha-Torah (4QMMT)” [in Hebrew], Tarbiz 59 (1990): 11–76. A shorter version of this monumental article was republished as an appendix in Elisha Qimron and John Strugnell, Qumran Cave 4.V: Miqsat Ma’ase ha-Torah, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 10 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994): 179–200. 2. AbrahamGeiger,UrschriftundÜbersetzungenderBibelinihrerAbh ängigkeit von der innern Entwicklong des Judentums (Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Madda, 1928); Zacharias Frankel, Darkhe ha-Mishnah: Im darkhe ha-Tosefta, Mekhilta, Safra Ve-Sifri (Leipzig: H. Hunger, 1859). See also Sussman, “The History of Halakhah and the Dead Sea Scrolls,” n. 6. 3. As leading scholars of this generation, two should be mentioned: Yaakov Nahum Epstein and Chanoch Albeck. Also very influential are the works of Saul Lieberman. 4. A good survey of the history of the finding of the scrolls and their publication can be found in James C. VanderKam, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 1994). Notes to Pages 4–6 / 152 5. See his monograph, R.Eliezer ben Hyrcanus: A Scholar Outcast (Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan Univeristy Press, 1984), and the collection of his articles, Studies in the Development of the Halakhah [in Hebrew] (RamatGan : Bar-Ilan Univeristy Press, 1992). 6. Vered Noam, “Divorce in Qumran in Light of Early Halakhah,” Journal of Jewish Studies 56 (2005): 206–23, and “Traces of Sectarian Halakhah in the Rabbinic World,” in Rabbinic Perspectives: Rabbinic Literature and the Dead Sea Scrolls. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium of the Orion Center . . . January, 2003, ed. Steven D. Fraade, Aharon Shemesh, and Ruth A. Clements, 67–85 (Leiden: Brill, 2006). 7. Yadin’s position is attested implicitly throughout his commentary on the Temple Scrolls. It is explicitly presented in his introduction to The Temple Scroll: English and Hebrew, 3 vols. in 4 (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Shrine of the Book, 1983), 1:400–401. Schiffman’s tendency to view rabbinic sources as representing their forefathers, the Pharisees, is attested in many of his publications. See, for example, his account, “The Dead Sea Scrolls and Rabbinic Judaism: Perspectives and Desiderata,” Henoch 27 (2005): 27–33, esp. 30–31. Basically, Sussman is also of this view. See “The History of Halakhah and the Dead Sea Scrolls,” 65 and n. 208. 8. See Israel Knohl, “Post-biblical Sectarianism and the Priestly Schools of the Pentateuch: The Issue of Popular Participation in the Temple Cult on Festivals,” in The Madrid Qumran Congress: Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls, March 1991, 2 vols., ed. Julio Trebolle Barrera and Luis Vegas Montaner, 601–9 (Leiden: Brill, 1992), and “Between Voice and Silence: The Relationship between Prayer and Temple Cult,” Journal of Biblical Literature 115 (1996): 17–30. 9. See Elisha Qimron and John Strugnell, Qumran Cave 4.V: Miqsat Ma’ase ha-Torah, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert 10 Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). For the possible historical background for this composition, See Lawrence H. Schiffman, “The New Halakhic Letter (4QMMT) and the Origins of the Dead Sea Sect,” Biblical Archaeologist Notes to Pages 7–10 / 153 53, no. 2 (1990): 64–73, and Hanan Eshel, “4QMMT and the History of the Hasmonean Period,” in Reading 4QMMT: New Perspectives on Qumran Law and History, ed. Moshe J. Bernstein and John Kampen, 53–65 (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1996). Steven Fraade, in “To Whom It May Concern: 4QMMT and Its Addressee(s),” Revue de Qumran 19 (2000): 507–26, argues for the possibility that MMT was not a real letter. 10. Here and throughout, translations of biblical passages are based on the Jewish Publication Tanakh edition, adjusted when needed. 11. See Menahem Kister, “Some Aspects of Qumranic Halakhah,” in The Madrid Qumran Congress, 1:578 n. 28; Itamar Kislev, “The Struggle over the Character of the Israelite Cult: The Case of the Law of O’rla and the Fourth-Year Produce (Leviticus 19:23–25)” [in Hebrew], ShenatonLe-HekerHa-MikraVe-HamizrachHa-kadum14(2004):29.For an extensive survey of the various readings of the law, see Jacob Milgrom, Leviticus 17–22 (New York: Anchor Bible, 2000), 1680–81. 12. M. Ma’aser Sheni 4:3–5, cf. y. Pe’a 7:2 (20b-c). 13. Geiger, Urschrift und Übersetzungen der Bibel, 181–84...