Index
Abbas, Shah, 93 Abbasids, 90, 91 Abu al-Fazl, 233 Achaemenids, 86 acid rain, 44 Adams, Robert M., 83, 85 Adas, Michael, 15, 23–24, 191–207 Afghanistan, 86, 97 Africa, 14, 24–25, 41, 211–24; agrarian age, 39; agriculture, 36, 104–8, 215, 216, 218–19; Bantu-speaking people spreading through, 219; chieftaincy, 216, 223; cities, 66, 69, 77n48, 222; colonization, 24–25, 97, 99, 105–7, 212–23, 231; elephants, 217, 220, 234; energy sources, 44; fables, 222–23; famines, 102–3, 107, 216; gold, 88, 93; land use intensification, 7, 9, 23, 63, 214; local knowledge, 9, 215–23; second colonial occupation, 216; water management, 86, 87–88, 222. See also East Africa; North Africa; South Africa; West Africa agrarian age (around 5000 b.c.e. until 1800 c.e.), 36–40, 45, 47; classic (5000 b.c.e. to 1400 c.e.), 36, 38; late (1400 c.e. to 1800 c.e.), 36, 46; population growth, 38–40, 39fig, 40fig agriculture, 5, 35–37, 39; Africa, 36, 104–8, 215, 216, 218–19; California model, 106, 107, 116n98; capitalist, 71; chemicals used in, 106, 107, 202; China, 36, 39, 119, 121, 125, 126, 130, 133–42, 148–53, 162n103, 233; dry farming, 39, 81–82, 104–8; early modern, 11, 38, 41; emerging, 36, 84; and energy, 20, 36–38; fertilizers, 108, 130, 156n21, 202; game farming, 223; India, 36, 233, 235, 236, 238, 240, 244; labor, 29n14, 37, 43, 87, 101, 136, 235; Latin America, 26, 36, 259; Middle East, 21–22, 36, 38, 81–97, 100–104, 108; and population, 21, 22, 36, 56–57, 107–8, 141; Russia, 69–70, 277, 279, 280–82, 294, 295–97, 306, 308n3; Southeast Asia rice frontiers, 15, 23–24, 191–205; technology, 22, 41; water wastage, 140, 148–49, 160n73. See also agrarian age; irrigation; peasants I N D E X 339 AIDS, 25, 303 air pollution: cleanup, 12, 13; coal revolution and, 44; Russia, 292, 293, 299, 306; Southeast Asia, 199 Akbar, 234 Algeria, 97, 99, 105 Alsace, 171, 176, 184 Amazon, 257, 263, 265 Ambedkar, Bhimrao, 244 American Society for Environmental History, 260–61 Americas: agriculture emerging, 36; colonizers ’ depopulating effects, 40, 211, 238; dates on peopling of, 35; discovery , 93; environmentally disruptive colonization, 41, 211, 213, 218, 238, 259; export orientation, 128, 259; Great Dying, 40; irrigation, 88; migration to cities, 66; pre-Columbian land use intensification, 7; religions imported to, 10; silver, 92, 93; species extinction by indigenous peoples, 220; wheat frontiers, 23. See also Latin America; North America Anatolia, 94–95, 103–4. See also Turkey animals: African history, 223–24; domestication , 37, 277; endangered species, 12–13; India, 232–33, 240, 243; labor, 37, 43; Middle Eastern horse breeding, 95; North African grazing concerns, 106; Russia, 277, 278, 280; species extinctions, 213, 220, 240; species transmission, 11. See also cattle; elephants; fish; hunting; wildlife management aquaculture, China, 148 Arabia: modernization, 97; Saudi petroleum , 50; wind systems in climate, 82 Arabic, ancient world united with, 86 Arabs: nomads, 89, 90; water management , 85, 87 Aral Sea, desiccation of, 295–97 arsenic dumping, 181–82 Asia: agrarian age, 39, 40; “oriental despotism ,” 89, 121, 139, 184; spice trade, 92, 94; urban dwellers, 66, 69. See also Central Asia; East Asia; Middle East; South Asia; Southeast Asia Aswan Dam, Egypt, 24, 84, 99–103, 109 Atlantic: fishing, 12, 156n21; rain forest, 262 Aurangzeb, 233 Australia: environmentally disruptive colonization, 213; indigenous peoples and species extinction, 220; wheat frontiers, 23 Austria: Rhine, 165. See also Vienna authoritarianism, 13, 27, 278 Bacon, Francis, 9 Baden, Rhine, 170, 171 Baltic–White Sea Canal (Belomorstroi), 26, 284, 285, 289 Bandopadhyay, Bibhutibhushan, 244–45 Banerjee, Prathama, 244 barley, 105, 116n93 Bascottah, Ramachander, 233 Bassin, Mark, 291 Bavaria, Rhine, 171 Bazykin, Aleksandr, 300 Beck, Ulrich, 293 Beijing, 123, 125–26, 130, 140, 148 Beinart, William, 9, 24–25, 211–28 Belgium, Rhine, 165, 170, 171 Belgorod defense line, 280 Bemba, ashbed cultivation, 219 Bengal, 10, 39 Big Bang, 34 “big history,” 16 biodiversity: India, 229–30; Russia, 278. See also animals; biodiversity reduction ; plants; wildlife management biodiversity reduction: Africa wildlife recovery from, 223; global, 54; Rhine, 23, 166, 176, 177–78, 183–84, 186; Russia, 295, 300; Southeast Asia rice 340 . i n d e x frontiers, 198, 203; today’s river engineering and, 185. See also species extinctions “biological old regime,” 11–12 biological weapons, 296, 298 biomass fuels, 34, 41–42, 54; for metallurgy , 90, 281; for...
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